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Open Access Article

1 - Recalling the Political Philosophy of Historical Socrates/Plato's Socrates
سيدمحمود نجاتي حسيني

Although hard to believe, the distinction between historical Socrates and Plato's Socrates is an issue in the history of political philosophy that has only been marginally dealt with in literature. But the present article makes this issue its focal and central subject. More

Although hard to believe, the distinction between historical Socrates and Plato's Socrates is an issue in the history of political philosophy that has only been marginally dealt with in literature. But the present article makes this issue its focal and central subject. The subject of the article is that, in an in-depth comparison, the political philosophy of Socrates and Plato are both divergent (historical Socrates vs. real Plato) and convergent (Plato's Socrates vs. Socrates' Plato). The starting point of the issue is that through researching and scrutinizing the speeches and writings of Socrates and Plato, one can trace the convergence and divergence in their logos and dialogues. Therefore, semiotics of logo-dialogue of historical Socrates vs. Plato's Socrates, as well as the logo-dialogue of Socrates' Plato vs. real Plato, will lead to the exploration of two basic classical philosophies. This article tries to prove these claims and assumptions through hermeneutic and semiotic analysis. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Formation of International Cooperation in Confrontation with Terrorism: Strategies, Opportunities and Challenges
Reza سيمبر

20.1001.1.20085796.1399.0.2.1.4

This article emphasizes the idea of global cooperation for confronting the phenomenon of international terrorism and it also argues that the failure to reach a consensus over the definition of terrorism is the main obstacle for overcoming this problem in global level. T More

This article emphasizes the idea of global cooperation for confronting the phenomenon of international terrorism and it also argues that the failure to reach a consensus over the definition of terrorism is the main obstacle for overcoming this problem in global level. This article also argues that a more effective role can be taken by the United Nations and international law to confront terrorism. The United Nations should fight poverty, inefficient governments and underdevelopment, whether or not these issues are related to the terrorism phenomenon. In confrontation with terrorism, the United Nations should show terrorist acts as undesirable and detestable as possible, so that there would be less motivation for committing such acts. In other words, the crucial question posed here is: what are the main strategies of the international community for confronting international terrorism? The article argues that these two strategies can complement each other and pave the way for more international cooperations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Red Reason and Green Rights: Illuminationist Anthropology and Human Rights
A m

The notion of "Human Rights" encompass the two notions of "man" and "right" and the relationship between the two. This relationship, however, pertains to much theoretical as well as philosophical elaboration. Looking critically at the prevailing conception of this relat More

The notion of "Human Rights" encompass the two notions of "man" and "right" and the relationship between the two. This relationship, however, pertains to much theoretical as well as philosophical elaboration. Looking critically at the prevailing conception of this relationship, namely that of possessive individualism, this paper points to a different conception of such relationship. Using the two metaphors of "Red Reason" for a conception of "man", and "Green Rights" for an emancipatory conception of "right", an Illuminationist (Eshraghi) view of "human rights" is elaborated on. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The Theory of Conventional Constructivism and Researching about International Relations and Research Implications

The emergence and expansion of constructivism as one of the significant conceptual and theoretical frameworks in International Relations in the two last decades was accompanied by an increase in interest toward empirical researches in this framework. Researching in the More

The emergence and expansion of constructivism as one of the significant conceptual and theoretical frameworks in International Relations in the two last decades was accompanied by an increase in interest toward empirical researches in this framework. Researching in the framework of this approach has some special implications which is unfortunately less followed in current researches and surveys, especially in students’ theses and dissertations. In addition to this, many of the young scholars in the field of International Relations who are theoretically interested in constructivism are in doubt about choosing domains of subjects they can empirically research from this perspective. The purpose of this article is to show The implications of conventional constructivism survey and it's subject domains. The applied method for collecting data in this essay is library-based and depends on the theoretical and meta-theoretical texts and empirical surveys and researches and shows that how can constructivism be a theoretical base for almost all subject domains in the field of International Relations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The Comparative Review of Reformist and Fundamentalist Currents toward Political Participation of Women in Islamic Republic of Iran (1997-2005)
Mohammad Abedi Ardakani پروین عظیمی

Since the victory of Islamic Republic of Iran up to now, there emerged two significant and effective intellectual and political currents. The first current which could be called from intellectual dimension as “Juristic Islamism Current” and from political dimension as “ More

Since the victory of Islamic Republic of Iran up to now, there emerged two significant and effective intellectual and political currents. The first current which could be called from intellectual dimension as “Juristic Islamism Current” and from political dimension as “Fundamentalism current”, got its climax political power in first and third decades of Islamic Revolution and it still keeps its power today. In contrast, the second current which could be called from intellectual dimension as “religious new thinkers” and from political aspect as the “Reformism current” reached its climax political power in the second decade of Revolution and from then on its is declining. The main purpose of this article is to comparatively review these two currents regarding the issue of women’s rights, particularly in relation to their political participation and its main hypothesis is as follows: “the different intellectual and religious principles of these two currents caused an inconsistency in their position toward the issue of women’s rights, particularly in relation to their political participations. To evaluate this hypothesis, using the descriptive-analytical method, it is tried to review intellectual and religious alphabets of these two currents and compare particularly these two in relation to political participation and family. The findings of this research shows that their attitudes toward the issue of women’s rights have significant differences in one hand, and in other hand, these differences are basically due to their different but inflexible interpretations of religion. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Iran’s intellectuals in Qajar era and the Transition Possibilityfrom "Government-oriented Pattern" to the "State-oriented Pattern
مهدی کاظمی زمهریر

In the ancient time, the government was at the center of theories, with consideration to the given religious nature of political community and desirable arrangement. By the entrance of modern thoughts into Iranian world in Qajar era, we witnessed the destruction of thes More

In the ancient time, the government was at the center of theories, with consideration to the given religious nature of political community and desirable arrangement. By the entrance of modern thoughts into Iranian world in Qajar era, we witnessed the destruction of these beliefs and the need to rethink about them. The intellectuals were in charge of these affairs. How much they were successful in rethinking of these beliefs? The intellectuals faced with practical obstacles in the inherited beliefs from ancient time. So like the ancient thinkers, they set the right use of political authority as the main subject in their theories, Instead of addressing the foundations of political community and government. However,to rethink political orders and the application of political powers by the government was not possible without knowing about the nature of political community. So with reception of implicit theory about political community and by the use of “common good” and “general rights” by intellectuals, they rethought about dominion theory and the relation between religion and political order and stated a new theory about government. But the result was a gradual tension between the old beliefs and the new beliefs of political order and the appearance of juridical modern political theories. Although these theories tried to resist against new political order, But for the first time, instead of characteristics of an ideal ruler, they had to pay attention to the nature of political community. So the appearance of intellectual thought could put the query of government’s nature and political community in the center of political theories of Iran’s thinkers, and pave the way for gradual transition from "Government-oriented pattern" to the "State-oriented pattern" of political theories. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - The Relationship BetweenTruth and Politics in Fardid's Thought
حاتم قادری مسعود غفاري محرم طاهرخانی

One of the most important philosophical and mystical concepts which Ahmad Fardid had brought up theorizing about it under the title of theosophy, is the concept of truth.the concept of truth is so important for Fardid that it embraces his whole contemplative atmospher More

One of the most important philosophical and mystical concepts which Ahmad Fardid had brought up theorizing about it under the title of theosophy, is the concept of truth.the concept of truth is so important for Fardid that it embraces his whole contemplative atmosphere about all subjects from cosmology to theology and anthropology.In other word, one of the most basic subjects for becoming familiar with philosophical, mystical and political thoughts in Fardid's viewpoint knows the truth. However, on the other way,Fardid isn't considered political philosopher specifically. His viewpoint about history can have political consequences. So, issues relate to society and politics would be considered precious, moral and noteworthy to the extent to which they are connected to the truth and if political philosophy couldnot get near to the truth of the subject under investigation, it would become subject to criticism and in some cases being rejected. In theorizing the theosophy of history, Fardid makes a complicated and impregnable connection between the truth and politics and considers understanding of the truth prior to knowing the political subject. So he represents a new definition of politics which has been less taken into interpretation. The most important political implication of truth in Fardid theosophy viewpoint is to ignore and pay no attention to political action which causes the change in the essence and meaning of the political and causes the transformation and conversion of political action into mystical andspiritual act. The present text describes and interprets Fardid's thought in the case of truth and investigates the relationship and influence of this key concept in Fardid's theosophy and spiritual history on the political and political action. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The Effect of Globalization on Citizenship Rights in Iran

In the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, special attention has been given to the “citizen rights”, so that it disregards color, race, and language as regards these rights. It also requires the government to regard these rights for all its citizens. Now that More

In the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, special attention has been given to the “citizen rights”, so that it disregards color, race, and language as regards these rights. It also requires the government to regard these rights for all its citizens. Now that the different aspects of the nations’ life all over the world is apparently being affected by the globalization. Citizen right is one of the domains influenced by globalization. This paper argued that the globalization has a converse relationship with human-participatory` rights , but it has a direct and converse relationship with political and social rights. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The Relation between Truth and Politics: A Neo-Pragmatist Reading
Mohammad Karim Mohammadi

The idea of pragmatic truth in Richard Rorty's thought is an alternative method to search the truth, not in a way that the western philosophical tradition has dealt with heretofore. In examining the notion of truth, Rorty's pragmatic approach contrast with the two narra More

The idea of pragmatic truth in Richard Rorty's thought is an alternative method to search the truth, not in a way that the western philosophical tradition has dealt with heretofore. In examining the notion of truth, Rorty's pragmatic approach contrast with the two narratives raised in western philosophical thought: on the one hand, with Platonic-Cartesian tradition, in which reality is interpreted as a metaphysical matter; and on the other hand, with post-modernist narrative who believes in the deconstruction of truth and claims of relativity of truth. To find an answer to the question: What are the proportions and consequences of established relation between truth and politics in Rorty’s political thought?, the authors formulate the hypothesis that "the connection established between truth and politics in Rorty's thought, leads to innovate a politics relying on social hope, based on the thesis of priority of democracy over philosophy". Accordingly, efforts have been made, by analyzing the pattern of pragmatic truth which posed by Rorty, to show that this pattern is a continuation of the same concept of truth in William James and John Dewey's pragmatic tradition in the form of linguistic turn. Also it is characterized by an emphasis on solidarity, versus of what Rorty calls “will of objectivity”. While this version is not without any claim of objectivity, and avoid falling into the trap of relativism, considers a concept that in a practical manner, is useful to meet pragmatically the objectives and solve the political problems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Sovereignty meaning in Hobbes thought according to Hobbes's Interpretation of the Scripture
Hassan Ghasemi Aboulfazl Shakouri

Sovereignty issue has been the topic of long debates where the follow-up of interpretations of this concept in scripture has led to a variety of votes. Thomas Hobbes, the sovereignty theorist, has had a pivotal role in clarifying the relationship between Sovereignty and More

Sovereignty issue has been the topic of long debates where the follow-up of interpretations of this concept in scripture has led to a variety of votes. Thomas Hobbes, the sovereignty theorist, has had a pivotal role in clarifying the relationship between Sovereignty and religion in the early era of modernism by interpreting Scripture based on his scientific method. This article highlights the transformation in the concept of natural rights as a bridge between sovereignty and religion in Hobbes's theory. In addition, this study corresponds to this concept with Hobbes's interpretation of Scripture and, thereby, it is claimed that Hobbes has embedded the main component of his theory, which is social contract, in reading the Scripture. Then, Hobbes interprets it in favor of a powerful ruling authority who is seeking for individuals' peace and security and also the maintaining the individuals' natural rights at large. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Analysis of The Conceptual Shift of The Political Philosophy Based on The Two Components of Power and Truth at The Thought of Strauss, Arendt and Foucault
mohammad bagher khorramshad mohammad ismael nozari

Until now, different interpretations have been presented concerning the nature of the Political philosophy in different paradigms and there is no similar assumptions toward the nature of the political philosophy among the thinkers. The present paper also seeks to answer More

Until now, different interpretations have been presented concerning the nature of the Political philosophy in different paradigms and there is no similar assumptions toward the nature of the political philosophy among the thinkers. The present paper also seeks to answer this question that how we can explain the existence of the different imaginations and interpretations concerning the essence and nature of the political philosophy? Hypothesis of this paper is as follows: Conceptual shifting and changing of the two fundamental concepts namely truth and power in different paradigmatic patterns framework and different relation which is defined and established between these two concepts under different paradigms among two above-mentioned concepts, have been resulted in formation of the various interpretations concerning the essence of the political philosophy and its conceptual shift. Present enquiry, have been attempted to analyze the nature of the political philosophy, concretely, in the light of the two fundamental concepts namely the truth and the power of the Strauss, Arendt And Foucault thought by adopting comparative analysis and by adopting textual approach. For this purpose, we have shown that the existence of the transcendental truth has been presupposed at the strauss’s thought. Here, power is perceived as the object of the Political philosophy and Political philosophy as intellectual knowledge is appeared as truth discourse. But arendt draw the truth from transcendental field into the public sphere and communication and intersubjectivity area. Therefore, power link up with deliberative and conversational politics and the Political philosophy is drawn from merely mental activity into the practical action area. But in foucault’s thought, power is considered as capillary phenomenon concealed behind every knowledge and the Political philosophy acts as instrument which is used to justify the power relations that is focused on constructing truth regime. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Power and the Commune: Priority of Power to Right in Political Philosophy of Spinoza

Baruch Benedict Spinoza’s theoretical constellation formulates a theory of right and law that prepares bases for his special rationalism and humanism that is specific to republican political philosophy. This philosophy of right and law relies on metaphysics of power and More

Baruch Benedict Spinoza’s theoretical constellation formulates a theory of right and law that prepares bases for his special rationalism and humanism that is specific to republican political philosophy. This philosophy of right and law relies on metaphysics of power and prefigures the “Multitude” and the “Commune”. This philosophy of right and law is one of the many unique aspects of Spinoza`s practical philosophy. Spinoza`s theory of right as articulated in his political essays Ethica and Tractatus Politicus is as following: The more right extends, the more power extends and since society or commune produces more power, it produces more right. This unique aspect of practical philosophy of Spinoza relies on some aspects of old theory of right and law. In other words, the right and law theory of Spinoza can be considered one of Spinoza’s bonds with old traditions. The right and law Spinoza theory relies on “power” and considers “Multitude” and “Commune”. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - The European Medieval Conception of Citizenship: Individualistic or Collectivistic?
seyed alireza Hoseyni Beheshti

As Europe entered the Middle Ages and the emergence of a Christian otherworldly perspective together with its individualistic and universalistic nature, the view on the Man and his status, both concerning the society and the state, transformed dramatically. The transfor More

As Europe entered the Middle Ages and the emergence of a Christian otherworldly perspective together with its individualistic and universalistic nature, the view on the Man and his status, both concerning the society and the state, transformed dramatically. The transformation had its effects on the conception of citizenship inherited from ancient Greece and Rome. The classical and more or less still dominated view on the history of social and intellectual developments of that period, offers an image according to which the spread of Christianity resulted in merging individuality into the community. Here I try to show, through relying on recent and less biased historical researches, that the classical interpretation that views the period as the fading individualism in favor of a collectivism emerged from the teachings of Christianity, the assimilatory political culture dominated early western modern societies, spring from the Renascence and then Enlightenment rather than the Christian culture. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - The Theory of Resistance in New Constitutional Thought
mohammadreza tajik aref masoudi

20.1001.1.20085796.1398.11.26.8.8

The concept of Resistance as a "right", or as a theory in new tradition is from the rudiments of new constitutional ruling system. However, some consider application as right to be a norm and not a base for political undertaking. Its role as a normative principle remini More

The concept of Resistance as a "right", or as a theory in new tradition is from the rudiments of new constitutional ruling system. However, some consider application as right to be a norm and not a base for political undertaking. Its role as a normative principle reminisces political power limits to rulers, and makes citizens manned with utilities to influence their decisions. The origin of this theory can be traced to the ideas of the most important political philosophers like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Hobbes in his theory, de facto, realizes the existence of "focus and some points of resistance" to be sublimating the spirit, but Locke considers the power of the government to be conditioned by the obedience and the practice of rules; in case of disobedience may legitimize the rights of people to revolt and dissolve. Therefore, resistance used to be the natural, ethical, and fundamental right of citizens that can only be resorted in case of breeching or dissolving of the basic principles, or the acquiescing of the majority. This study accounts for the processes of organizing the theory of resistance, based on the "right of resistance" of every member of the society, and considers the thought of constitutional quest as its first theoretical carrier. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - The Concept of Right and Freedom in Talibov's Thought
fardin moradkhani

20.1001.1.20085796.1399.12.28.7.8

Iranian Constitutionalism as an important event of the Iranian new Ages introduces many new concepts to Iranian thought. The concept of right as well as the concept of freedom as two important concepts were put forward by the thinkers of this age and theorized about it. More

Iranian Constitutionalism as an important event of the Iranian new Ages introduces many new concepts to Iranian thought. The concept of right as well as the concept of freedom as two important concepts were put forward by the thinkers of this age and theorized about it. Intellectuals, as one of the groups involved, played a major role in designing these concepts. They were able to acquaint Iranians with many concepts of the new era, such as law, parliament, limitation of power, freedom, equality, constitution, and so on. Talibov Tabrizi's words about the concept of right are more precise than others. Talibov's life outside of Iran and his familiarity with the writings of Western scholars have led him to carefully examine new concepts. He has spoken precisely about many modern concepts. He deals with the basis of law, types of rights, violations of rights, and conflicts of rights. It also calls for freedom as one of the evidences of right and tries to find theoretical foundations for this important demand of Iranian constitutionalism. He has the emphasis on praising freedom, linking it with the right, setting limits on freedom, and the avoidance of chaos. Relying on Talibov's works and using a descriptive-analytical method, this article seeks to examine the question of what is the place and meaning of right in Talibov's thought and what is its relation to freedom. And an attempt has been made to explain his theory of rights and freedoms as two key concepts in Iranian constitutionalism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Evaluation of representative institutions of the Islamic Republic of Iran: analysis of the formation and expansion of the franchise in Iran in the 20th century
Reza Zamani

20.1001.1.20085796.1401.17.31.4.4

This paper has two major purposes: analyzing the franchise formation in Iran (1906-1911) and its expansionin the 20th century. All theories of the franchise are categorized into six groups (enlightenment, party competition, the middle class will, redistribution, social More

This paper has two major purposes: analyzing the franchise formation in Iran (1906-1911) and its expansionin the 20th century. All theories of the franchise are categorized into six groups (enlightenment, party competition, the middle class will, redistribution, social order, and political economy). Based on these theories, it has been shown that in the early period of the formation of elections in Iran, the trade union elections (1285) had a redistributive function and in contrast to the one-degree elections of 1290, had an enlightening function.With attention to mentioned theories, we found that the franchise adjustment in Iran in the 20th century does not have a fixed and linear trend and this level of access has varied over time. Moreover, it has been shown that both after and before the Islamic revolution, franchise expansion in Iran is compatible with both social order and redistribution theories. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - The Right to Human Development
Abbas Manouchehri Mohammad Dashti

20.1001.1.20085796.1400.13.29.4.4

Upcoming doubts and challenges of 'growth theory' for development, and its uncertain pathway over the recent decades, have led to the consideration of the theory of 'human development', with guarantees and provisions such as ' development ethics' and 'the right to dev More

Upcoming doubts and challenges of 'growth theory' for development, and its uncertain pathway over the recent decades, have led to the consideration of the theory of 'human development', with guarantees and provisions such as ' development ethics' and 'the right to development', for realizing the advancement that its object is 'humans' and people. Nevertheless, since these pre-mentioned provisions from Amartya Sen’s standpoint ultimately require an understanding and interpretation of the "human" identity, and in the theory of "human development" this argument does not have the necessary theoretical adequacy, this article has attempted to be an intellectual aide by "existential anthropology" and “the human existential right" in the theory of human development. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Legalization of Public and Private Sphere Theory, with Emphasis on Hannah Arendt’s View
Samaneh Rahmatifar

20.1001.1.20085796.1399.12.28.13.4

The comparative study on political theory of the public and private sphere with law provides a basis for restriction of law and state and redraws public-private law boundary. Research method is descriptive-analytical. That is, firstly, the private and public sphere, acc More

The comparative study on political theory of the public and private sphere with law provides a basis for restriction of law and state and redraws public-private law boundary. Research method is descriptive-analytical. That is, firstly, the private and public sphere, according to Hannah Arendt's theories, are described by identifying its elements. And, secondly, the elements in two spheres are analyzed in accordance with law framework and its branches generally. And, finally, the level of recognition of private and public sphere in legal system of Iran is measured. The private sphere is an area of human life that is intertwined with elements such as intangible ownership and presidency of the family, and the tendency to conceal and naturally de-legalization. Civil society is a part of private sphere; it is an area of human self-control activity into non-governmental groups. The public sphere is an area of policy-making by citizens through free conversation and action. In the legal system of Iran, the private sphere is supported overall; independence of civil society is not guaranteed, despite implicit recognition. Government makes policy, then citizens work within its framework after getting governmental permission. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Comparising the components of democracy with the criteria of good governance in the light of international law
Akbar Savari Samaneh Rahmatifar Shahram zarneshan

20.1001.1.20085796.1400.16.30.10.1

The purpose of this study is to explain the components of good governance as indicators of democracy in order to end the divergence of views in understanding democracy from the perspective of the Practical procedure of international law. Good governance is one of the pr More

The purpose of this study is to explain the components of good governance as indicators of democracy in order to end the divergence of views in understanding democracy from the perspective of the Practical procedure of international law. Good governance is one of the prescriptions of international institutions for national systems and democracy is one of the long-standing social aspirations of nations. The research method is descriptive-analytical with a genealogical approach; In this way, after describing democracy and good governance, in terms of their history in international law, the components of good governance as the principles of democracy are measured through the comparative method. The result shows that the components of good governance have the potential to become indicators of the principles of democracy and, by objectifying democracy, make it possible to measure the degree of democratic legitimacy of states in terms of international law; Thus, in international law, a legitimate state is a democratic state, and democracy means the domination of good governance over all relations between citizens and the state. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - A Comparative Study of Rorty’s Irony and Foucault’s Parrhesia
MohammadReza Sedghi Rezvani Seyed Mohammad Ali Taghavi

Irony is one of the constitutive concepts in Richard Rorty’s pragmatism. The ironist is his ideal type of the person: self-creative and self-conscious, aware of his own contingency, anti-foundationalist, and always ready to revise his account of the self and the world r More

Irony is one of the constitutive concepts in Richard Rorty’s pragmatism. The ironist is his ideal type of the person: self-creative and self-conscious, aware of his own contingency, anti-foundationalist, and always ready to revise his account of the self and the world radically. Michel Foucault, on the other hand, is concerned with the concept parrhesia. Parrhesiastes is a type of person comparable to the ironist. Hence, the main question in this paper is: what are the similarities and differences between the Rorty’s ironist and Foucault’s parrhesiastes. We will see that while the ironist is keen to confine irony to the private realm, in order not to humiliate anybody, the parrhesiastes has no reluctance to go beyond the limits of the private, and to speak the truth. He does not avoid the risk of saying the truth to those in power even at the cost of his life, while the former is more cautious. Self-creation and autonomy is shared between the two types of personalities. Socrates is the embodiment of both personalities. He is praised as an ironist as well as a parrhesiastes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - The Duality of Right and Good: From the Old Opposition to the New Combination in Rawls's Theory of Justice
Afshin Habibzadeh reza akbari nori Seyyed Khodayar Mortazavi Asl

Establishing the concept and system of justice has been one of the important subjects of political thought and philosophy and ethics since ancient times. In the history of thought, most of the beliefs about justice have been based on a great idea of good and sometimes t More

Establishing the concept and system of justice has been one of the important subjects of political thought and philosophy and ethics since ancient times. In the history of thought, most of the beliefs about justice have been based on a great idea of good and sometimes they have provided some preliminaries about good from which a system of right and justice can be deduced. However, the opposition between right and good as concepts that lead to two different systems of justice has been one of the important and long-standing topics of political thought. The importance of the discussion is that the conceptual superiority of one over the other can have wide consequences in the socio-political life of a society. In the discussions of contemporaries, the distinction or opposition of these two concepts was at the center of the debate between the schools of consequentialism and dutyism: consequentialists consider good to be the first and right actions are those that lead to good; Duties put the right first, consider it independent of good, and even prohibit the actions leading to good when they are exposed to fundamental moral rules. But John Rawls tried to propose a combination of the concepts of right and good in his theory of justice in such a way that right can be deduced from the ideas of good, and good is subject to the justice system as a branch of the concept of right. John Rawls's system of justice is a political system based on a political conception of justice that tries to provide an explanation of the requirements for realizing the greatest possible freedom and equality for the citizens of a democratic society. In fact, this structure can be considered as the "rule of law" which both enables the freedom of citizens to pursue their own good and sets limits for it so as not to violate the principles of justice. Manuscript profile

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