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<![endif]--><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">در دهه‌‌­­‌‌‌‌‌­­های اخیر شاهد ظهور جنبش‌­های اجتماعی مختلف در لیبرال دموکراسی­های غربی بوده­ایم. این جنبش­ها ریشه در بحران نمایندگی دارند؛ بحرانی که به شکاف میان خواسته­های شهروندان و نهادهای تصمیم­گیری در دموکراسی­های نمایندگی اشاره دارد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی این بحران و تحلیل مقایسه­ای مشخصه­­های دو نوع جنبشِ غالب است که در واکنش به بحران یادشده ظاهر شدند. پرسش اصلی مقاله این است که جنبش­های اجتماعی متأخر در لیبرال دموکراسی­های غربی، چه شباهت­ها و تفاوت­­هایی با هم دارند. در پاسخ، فرضیه مقاله این است که در شرایطی که نقطه اشتراک جنبش­های اجتماعی جدید و پوپولیستی در غرب را می­توان در واکنش آنها به بحران نمایندگی در نظام نهادیِ دموکراسی­­های لیبرال غربی دید، این دو نوع جنبش از منظر ایدئولوژی، سازمان، رهبری و نوع تلقی از جامعه سیاسیِ ایده­آل با هم تفاوت می‌یابند. برای توجیه این فرضیه، یک چارچوب مفهومی ترکیبی­ به کار گرفته می­شود که ارکان آن عبارتند از: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">«</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">سیاست هویت</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">»</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> و </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">«</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">دوگانۀ کثرت‌گرایی و وحدت­گرایی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">»</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">. طبق این چارچوب، رکن مشترک جنبش­های اجتماعی متأخر را می­توان </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">«</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">دغدغه­ هویتیِ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">»</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> شناسایی از سوی ساختار نخبه‌گرایانه لیبرال دموکراسی دانست. در عین حال چون برداشت این جنبش­­ها از </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">«</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">جامعه ایده­آل</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">»</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> با هم تفاوت دارد، به لحاظ مشخصه‌­­های جنبشی و نتایجشان برای نظام دموکراتیک با هم تفاوت می­یابند. روش تحقیق مقاله به صورت توصیفی - تحلیلی است و داده­ها بر اساس مطالعه منابع کتابخانه­ای و پایگاه‌های اینترنتی گردآوری می­شود. </span></p>
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