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        1 - Explaining the position of the President in the Constitution from the perspective of the efficiency of political institutions in the Islamic Republic of Iran
        seyedreza shakeri
        Political institutions in the light of the evolution of political thought and theories can show new possibilities and limitations. The President has an important and decisive position in the Iranian Constitution, which stems from the direct vote of the people, the ratif More
        Political institutions in the light of the evolution of political thought and theories can show new possibilities and limitations. The President has an important and decisive position in the Iranian Constitution, which stems from the direct vote of the people, the ratification of the Supreme Leader, the representation of Iran's national sovereignty in relation to other countries, and its symbolic national face.Today, when the power of states and governments has diminished and, instead, human and individual responsibilities have been highlighted in various spheres of society, politics, and economy and in common human issues, the position of the President, according to new readings, acquires such capacities.Today, as the power of states and governments has diminished and, instead, human and individual responsibilities have been highlighted in various spheres of society, politics, and economics and in common human issues, the position of the President, according to new readings, acquires such capacities.The question of this research is what is the role and position of the president in the constitution according to the efficiency indicators and how can this position be promoted in practice to increase his efficiency? The position of the President is studied in this article with the aim of recognizing and explaining the new possibilities of political action.This effort is based on the components of efficiency within the normative institutional theory. The results show that all the human and cultural content of Constitution can show and reveal new functional aspects for president according to those components. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - The Mashrooteh Constitution and its Supplement: The Manifestation of “Citizenship” and “Republicanism”
        attaallah karimzadeh abbas manochehri Sohrab Yazdani
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QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">The Mashrooteh Constitution </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">and its Supplement: The Manifestation of &ldquo;Citizenship&rdquo; and &ldquo;Republicanism&rdquo;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: -17.0pt; mso-pagination: none;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Attaullah Karimzadeh<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Abbas Manouchehri<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Sohrab Yazdani<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">The Constitutional (Mashrooteh) Period is considered the most important period in modern Iranian history concerning modernity. During this period, the Western world was not solely viewed in terms of its material and technological advancements but was also noted for its modern ideas and thoughts in various intellectual, political, and social forms. Although the concepts of "citizenship" and "republicanism" were not explicitly utilized in the text of the constitutional and its supplementary laws, this does not signify a lack of understanding of them among constitutionalists. Despite the historical traditions of "shari'a" and "monarchy" in Iran grappling with new concepts and defending their own existence, efforts were made within the constitutional and supplementary laws to preserve their influence and power by legalizing and institutionalizing them. Consequently, what transpired was the encounter of the ideas of "citizenship" and "republicanism," which meant emancipation from subjects' status and empowerment, leading to tension between the two main intellectual currents, resulting in resistance and diminishing reception. These concepts not only failed to institutionalize in the administrative realm but also did not develop substantially on a theoretical level.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Citizenship, Republic, Mashroteh, Constitution, Supplement.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" clear="all" /> </span></p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">*</span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Corresponding Author: Ph.D. Student of Political Thoughts, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">atakarimzadeh@yahoo.com </span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Professor of Political Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran. </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Amanoocheri@yahoo.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Retired Associate Professor, Department of History, Kharazmi University, Iran. </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">yazdanis1948@gmail.com</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> Manuscript profile