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1 - Language, Power and Ideology in Norman Fairclough’s ‘Critical’ Approach to Discourse Analysis
جهانگیر جهانگیری علی بندرریگی‌زاده

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) started in the early 1990s and has become a well-established field in the social science in the twenty-first century .CDA can be defined as a problem-oriented interdisciplinary research program. In general, power, and especially institu More

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) started in the early 1990s and has become a well-established field in the social science in the twenty-first century .CDA can be defined as a problem-oriented interdisciplinary research program. In general, power, and especially institutionally reproduced power, is central to CDA. The purpose of CDA is to analyze opaque as well as transparent structural relationships of dominance, discrimination, power and control as manifested in language. CDA states that discourse is an instrument of power. The way this instrument of power works is often hard to understand, and CDA aims to make it more visible and transparent. A critical discourse analysis should not be a discourse analysis that reacts against power alone. It should be an analysis of power effects, of the outcome of power, of what power does to people, groups, and societies, and of how this impact comes about. The deepest effect of power everywhere is inequality, as power differentiates and selects, includes and excludes. CDA is an approach to the analysis of discourse which views language as a social practice and is interested in the ways that ideologies and power relations are expressed through language. It wants to understand how language is used to create, maintain and challenge power relationships and ideologies. Norman Fairclough is one of the most famous thinkers of CDA. He seeks to develop ways of analyzing language which address its involvement in the working of contemporary capitalist societies. He is working in a tradition of critical social research which is focused on better understanding of how and why contemporary capitalism prevents or limits, as well as in certain respects facilitating, human well-being and flourishing. Such understanding may, in favorable circumstances, contribute to overcoming or at least mitigating these obstacles and limits. Manuscript profile
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2 - Crisis of Representation and the Rise of Social Movements: A Comparative Analysis of New Social Movements and Populist Movements
Salameh Gholipor Khatir Mohsen Abbaszadeh Marzbali Mohammad Ghezelsofla

 Crisis of Representation and the Rise of Social Movements: A Comparative Analysis of New Social Movements and Populist Movements    Salame Qolipour Khatir <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>   Mohsen Abbaszadeh Marzbali <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>   Mohammad Taghi Qezelsofla<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>   In recent decades, we have witnessed the emergence of various social movements in Western liberal democracies. These movements have their roots in a crisis of representation, which refers to the gap between citizens' aspirations and decision-making institutions in representative democracies. The aim of the present study is to investigate this crisis and conduct a comparative analysis of the characteristics of two dominant types of movements that have emerged in response to this crisis. The main question of the article is to explore the similarities and differences between late social movements in Western liberal democracies. In response, the hypothesis of the article posits that in circumstances where the emergence of new social and populist movements in the West can be viewed in response to the crisis of representation in the institutional structure of Western liberal democracies, these two types of movements differ in terms of ideology, organization, leadership, and perception of an ideal political society. To justify this hypothesis, a combined conceptual framework is employed, consisting of the elements of "politics of identity" and the dualism of pluralism and unity. According to this framework, the common element of late social movements can be identified as an "identity concern" stemming from the elitist structure of liberal democracy. However, due to differences in their interpretation of the "ideal society," these movements differ in their characteristics and implications for the democratic system. The research method of the article is descriptive-analytical, and data is collected based on the study of library resources and online databases.   Keywords: New social movements, Populism, Ideology, Organization and Leadership.   <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Corresponding Author: M.A Student, Political Science, Mazandaran University, Iran. salamegholipor9078@gmail.com </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Assistant Professor, Political Science Department, Mazandaran University, Iran. <a href="mailto:m.abbaszadeh@umz.ac.ir">m.abbaszadeh@umz.ac.ir</a> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Associate Professor, Political Science Department, Mazandaran University, Iran. m.ghezel@umz.ac.ir </div> </div>   Manuscript profile

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