<Journal>
<PublisherName>مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوری</PublisherName>
<JournalTitle>پژوهش سیاست نظری</JournalTitle>
<ISSN>2008-5796</ISSN>
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<Issue>34</Issue>
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<ArticleTitle>The Relation of Subject and Structural Authority in Althusser and Lacan's Views</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>نسبت سوژه و اقتدار ساختارمند در آرای آلتوسر و لاکان</VernacularTitle>
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<FirstName> پیمان </FirstName>
<LastName> زنگنه</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشجوی دکتری علوم سیاسی (اندیشههای سیاسی)، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">oooo-ooo2-7373-1950</Identifier>
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<FirstName>سید حسین </FirstName>
<LastName>اطهری</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-00001-7332-4848</Identifier>
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<FirstName>روح الله </FirstName>
<LastName>اسلامی</LastName>
<Affiliation>استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">ooooooo174296105</Identifier>
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<FirstName>رضا </FirstName>
<LastName>نصیری حامد</LastName>
<Affiliation>استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000000179770531</Identifier>
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<Year>2023</Year>
<Month>7</Month>
<Day>17</Day>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">The Relation of Subject and Structural </span></strong></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Authority in Althusser and Lacan's Views</span></strong></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Peyman Zanganeh <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Seyyed Hossein Athari<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Ruhollah Eslami <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Reza Nasiri Hamed<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">****</span></a></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Paradigms are common semantic patterns that guide the kind of attitude towards the world and social practices. Tradition, Modernism and Postmodernism are often used to refer to intellectual developments in the foundations and assumptions as well as the consequences of thought-making throughout history. One of the most important principles of this paradigm division is the analysis of the ratio of structure to broker and th<a name="_GoBack"></a>eir interaction and interaction. In particular, it seems that the ratio of structure and agent in contemporary thought has become much more complex than the dual-division and inherently common and conventional as poststructuralist thinkers or postmodern inspiring thinkers like Jacques Lacan have advanced their discussions using the unconscious conception of man as a structure based on language. On the other hand, classifiable thinkers in the modern approach such as Louis Althusser, with their structuralist viewpoint, have provided the grounds for doubt in the independent and self-founded identity of the subject. In this article, by focusing on a reading of Althusser's and Lacan's views, some of the similarities of their viewpoint and its consequences on the relation between the subject and authority are discussed. The findings of the study indicate that in the process of developing the subject in the context of language and ideology and in relation to social structures, with all the fluctuations and ups and upheavals, the subject does not die and the power along with its repressive and limiting aspect also builds the subject. Therefore, in Althusser's thought, along with many similarities with Lacan's thought, the authority is more important and in Lacan's attitude, the subject has more possibilities to escape from authority. So Althusser has considered the subject under it by discussing ideology, although from his point of view in the field of ideology, there is also the possibility of forming resistance centers. In addition, Lacan also considers language as a dominant structure of the subject that directs its actions, but is affected by the transformation of the political in his view, a kind of situation of impulsivity and evasion from authority in the subject.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Language, Desire, Apparatus, Unconscious and objective reality.</span></p>
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<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">*</span></sup></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Ph.D Student in Political Science (Political Thoughts), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">peyman.zanganeh@mail.um.ac.ir</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">**</span></sup></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Corresponding Author: </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">athari@um.ac.ir</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">***</span></sup></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">eslami.ir@um.ac.ir</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">****</span></sup></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Assistant Professor, Political Science Department, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">r.nasirihamed@tabrizu.ac.ir</span></p>
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<p> </p></Abstract>
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<![endif]--><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">پارادایم­ها، الگوهای معنایی مشترکی هستند که نوع نگرش نسبت به جهان و کردارهای اجتماعی را جهت می­دهند. معمولاً از پارادایم­های چندگانه­ای ذیل عنوان سنت، مدرنیسم و پست­مدرنیسم برای اشاره به تطورات فکری صورت‌گرفته در مبانی و مفروضات و نیز تتبعات اندیشه­ورزی در طول تاریخ استفاده می­شود. یکی از مهم­ترین اصول این تقسیم­بندی پارادایمی، تحلیل نسبت ساختار با کارگزار و تقابل و تعامل آنها بوده است. به­ویژه به نظر می­رسد که نسبت ساختار و کارگزار در اندیشۀ معاصر، بسی پیچیده­تر از تقسیم­بندی دوگانه و ذات­گرایانه متداول و مرسوم گردیده است؛ چنان­که برای نمونه، اندیشمندان پساساختارگرا و یا الهام­بخش پست­مدرنی همانند </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">«</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">ژاک لاکان</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">»</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">، مباحث خود را با استفاده از تلقی ناخودآگاه آدمی به­مثابۀ ساختاری مبتنی بر زبان به پیش برده­اند. از سوی دیگر اندیشمندان قابل دسته­بندی در رویکرد مدرن همچون </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">«</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">لویی آلتوسر</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">»</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> با دیدگاه ساختارگرای خود، زمینه­های تردید در هویت مستقل و خودبنیاد سوژه را فراهم آورده­اند. در این نوشتار با تمرکز بر خوانشی از آرای آلتوسر و لاکان به برخی از همانندی­های دیدگاه ایشان و تبعات آن بر نسبت بین سوژه با اقتدار پرداخته می­شود. یافته‌های مطالعه‌ بیانگر آن است که سوژه در فرایند تکوین خود در بستر زبان و ایدئولوژی و در نسبتی با ساختارهای اجتماعی، با همۀ نوسان‌ها و افت‌و خیزهایی </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">­</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">که داشته، دچار مرگ نشده و قدرت درکنار وجه سرکوب‌گر و محدودکنندۀ خویش، به برساختن سوژه نیز می‌پردازد. از این­رو در اندیشه آلتوسر، ضمن بسیاری از تشابهات با اندیشه لاکان، مرجعیت اقتدار، بیشتر مورد توجه است و در نگرش لاکان، سوژه، امکان‌های بیشتری برای گریز از اقتدار دارد. پس آلتوسر با طرح بحث ایدئولوژی، سوژه را ذیل آن در نظر گرفته، هرچند از دید او در عرصه ایدئولوژی، امکان شکل‌گیری کانون­های مقاومت نیز وجود دارد. افزون بر این لاکان نیز زبان را به صورت ساختاری مسلط بر سوژه در نظر می­گیرد که به کردارهایش جهت می‌دهد، اما متأثر از متحول بودن امر سیاسی در دیدگاه وی، نوعی وضعیت بی‌قراری وگریز از مرجع اقتدار در سوژه مشاهده می­شود</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">.</span></p></OtherAbstract>
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