مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش سیاست نظری2008-579618342024918The Relation of Subject and Structural Authority in Althusser and Lacan's Viewsنسبت سوژه و اقتدار ساختارمند در آرای آلتوسر و لاکان127fa پیمان زنگنهدانشجوی دکتری علوم سیاسی (اندیشه‌های سیاسی)، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهدoooo-ooo2-7373-1950سید حسین اطهریدانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد0000-00001-7332-4848روح الله اسلامیاستادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهدooooooo174296105رضا نصیری حامداستادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز00000001797705312023717<p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> 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</style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">The Relation of Subject and Structural </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Authority in Althusser and Lacan's Views</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Peyman Zanganeh <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Seyyed Hossein Athari<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Ruhollah Eslami <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Reza Nasiri Hamed<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">****</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Paradigms are common semantic patterns that guide the kind of attitude towards the world and social practices. Tradition, Modernism and Postmodernism are often used to refer to intellectual developments in the foundations and assumptions as well as the consequences of thought-making throughout history. One of the most important principles of this paradigm division is the analysis of the ratio of structure to broker and th<a name="_GoBack"></a>eir interaction and interaction. In particular, it seems that the ratio of structure and agent in contemporary thought has become much more complex than the dual-division and inherently common and conventional as poststructuralist thinkers or postmodern inspiring thinkers like Jacques Lacan have advanced their discussions using the unconscious conception of man as a structure based on language. On the other hand, classifiable thinkers in the modern approach such as Louis Althusser, with their structuralist viewpoint, have provided the grounds for doubt in the independent and self-founded identity of the subject. In this article, by focusing on a reading of Althusser's and Lacan's views, some of the similarities of their viewpoint and its consequences on the relation between the subject and authority are discussed. The findings of the study indicate that in the process of developing the subject in the context of language and ideology and in relation to social structures, with all the fluctuations and ups and upheavals, the subject does not die and the power along with its repressive and limiting aspect also builds the subject. Therefore, in Althusser's thought, along with many similarities with Lacan's thought, the authority is more important and in Lacan's attitude, the subject has more possibilities to escape from authority. So Althusser has considered the subject under it by discussing ideology, although from his point of view in the field of ideology, there is also the possibility of forming resistance centers. In addition, Lacan also considers language as a dominant structure of the subject that directs its actions, but is affected by the transformation of the political in his view, a kind of situation of impulsivity and evasion from authority in the subject.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> 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font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Language, Desire, Apparatus, Unconscious and objective reality.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">*</span></sup></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Ph.D Student in Political Science (Political Thoughts), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">peyman.zanganeh@mail.um.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">**</span></sup></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Corresponding Author: </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">athari@um.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">***</span></sup></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">eslami.ir@um.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">****</span></sup></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Assistant Professor, Political Science Department, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">r.nasirihamed@tabrizu.ac.ir</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p><p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> 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font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">پارادایم&shy;ها، الگوهای معنایی مشترکی هستند که نوع نگرش نسبت به جهان و کردارهای اجتماعی را جهت می&shy;دهند. معمولاً از پارادایم&shy;های چندگانه&shy;ای ذیل عنوان سنت، مدرنیسم و پست&shy;مدرنیسم برای اشاره به تطورات فکری صورت&zwnj;گرفته در مبانی و مفروضات و نیز تتبعات اندیشه&shy;ورزی در طول تاریخ استفاده می&shy;شود. یکی از مهم&shy;ترین اصول این تقسیم&shy;بندی پارادایمی، تحلیل نسبت ساختار با کارگزار و تقابل و تعامل آنها بوده است. به&shy;ویژه به نظر می&shy;رسد که نسبت ساختار و کارگزار در اندیشۀ معاصر، بسی پیچیده&shy;تر از تقسیم&shy;بندی دوگانه و ذات&shy;گرایانه متداول و مرسوم گردیده است؛ چنان&shy;که برای نمونه، اندیشمندان پساساختارگرا و یا الهام&shy;بخش پست&shy;مدرنی همانند </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&laquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">ژاک لاکان</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&raquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">، مباحث خود را با استفاده از تلقی ناخودآگاه آدمی به&shy;مثابۀ ساختاری مبتنی بر زبان به پیش برده&shy;اند. از سوی دیگر اندیشمندان قابل دسته&shy;بندی در رویکرد مدرن همچون </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&laquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">لویی آلتوسر</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&raquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> با دیدگاه ساختارگرای خود، زمینه&shy;های تردید در هویت مستقل و خودبنیاد سوژه را فراهم آورده&shy;اند. در این نوشتار با تمرکز بر خوانشی از آرای آلتوسر و لاکان به برخی از همانندی&shy;های دیدگاه ایشان و تبعات آن بر نسبت بین سوژه با اقتدار پرداخته می&shy;شود. یافته&zwnj;های مطالعه&zwnj; بیانگر آن است که سوژه در فرایند تکوین خود در بستر زبان و ایدئولوژی و در نسبتی با ساختارهای اجتماعی، با همۀ نوسان&zwnj;ها و افت&zwnj;و خیزهایی </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&shy;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">که داشته، دچار مرگ نشده و قدرت درکنار وجه سرکوب&zwnj;گر و محدودکنندۀ خویش، به برساختن سوژه نیز می&zwnj;پردازد. از این&shy;رو در اندیشه آلتوسر، ضمن بسیاری از تشابهات با اندیشه لاکان، مرجعیت اقتدار، بیشتر مورد توجه است و در نگرش لاکان، سوژه، امکان&zwnj;های بیشتری برای گریز از اقتدار دارد. پس آلتوسر با طرح بحث ایدئولوژی، سوژه را ذیل آن در نظر گرفته، هرچند از دید او در عرصه ایدئولوژی، امکان شکل&zwnj;گیری کانون&shy;های مقاومت نیز وجود دارد. افزون بر این لاکان نیز زبان را به صورت ساختاری مسلط بر سوژه در نظر می&shy;گیرد که به کردارهایش جهت می&zwnj;دهد، اما متأثر از متحول بودن امر سیاسی در دیدگاه وی، نوعی وضعیت بی&zwnj;قراری وگریز از مرجع اقتدار در سوژه مشاهده می&shy;شود</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">.</span></p>زبان، میل، آپاراتوس، ناخودآگاه و امر واقعی. http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/43261
مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش سیاست نظری2008-579618342024918Crisis of Representation and the Rise of Social Movements: A Comparative Analysis of New Social Movements and Populist Movementsبحران نمایندگی و ظهور جنبش‌های اجتماعی: تحلیل تطبیقی جنبش‌های اجتماعی جدید و پوپولیستی2959faسلامهقلی پور خطیردانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندرانمحسنعباس‌زاده مرزبالیاستادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران0000000259096399محمدتقیقزلسفلیدانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران2023528<p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> 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mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Crisis of Representation and the Rise of Social Movements: A Comparative Analysis of New Social Movements and Populist Movements</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">&nbsp;Salame Qolipour Khatir <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Mohsen Abbaszadeh Marzbali <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Mohammad Taghi Qezelsofla<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">In recent decades, we have witnessed the emergence of various social movements in Western liberal democracies. These movements have their roots in a crisis of representation, which refers to the gap between citizens' aspirations and decision-making institutions in representative democracies. The aim of the present study is to investigate this crisis and conduct a comparative analysis of the characteristics of two dominant types of movements that have emerged in response to this crisis. The main question of the article is to explore the similarities and differences between late social movements in Western liberal democracies. In response, the hypothesis of the article posits that in circumstances where the emergence of new social and populist movements in the West can be viewed in response to the crisis of representation in the institutional structure of Western liberal democracies, these two types of movements differ in terms of ideology, organization, leadership, and perception of an ideal political society. To justify this hypothesis, a combined conceptual framework is employed, consisting of the elements of "politics of identity" and the dualism of pluralism and unity. According to this framework, the common element of late social movements can be identified as an "identity concern" stemming from the elitist structure of liberal democracy. However, due to differences in their interpretation of the "ideal society," these movements differ in their characteristics and implications for the democratic system. The research method of the article is descriptive-analytical, and data is collected based on the study of library resources and online databases.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 97%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> New social movements, Populism, Ideology, Organization and Leadership.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 92%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 92%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">*</span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 92%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">M.A Student, Political Science, Mazandaran University, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 92%;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 92%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">salamegholipor9078@gmail.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 92%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 92%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> Corresponding Author: </span><span dir="RTL"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 92%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Assistant Professor, Political Science Department, Mazandaran University, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 92%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 92%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';"><a href="mailto:m.abbaszadeh@umz.ac.ir"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">m.abbaszadeh@umz.ac.ir</span></a></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 92%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 92%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Associate Professor, Political Science Department, Mazandaran University, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 92%;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; 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*/ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">در دهه&zwnj;&zwnj;&shy;&shy;&zwnj;&zwnj;&zwnj;&zwnj;&zwnj;&shy;&shy;های اخیر شاهد ظهور جنبش&zwnj;&shy;های اجتماعی مختلف در لیبرال دموکراسی&shy;های غربی بوده&shy;ایم. این جنبش&shy;ها ریشه در بحران نمایندگی دارند؛ بحرانی که به شکاف میان خواسته&shy;های شهروندان و نهادهای تصمیم&shy;گیری در دموکراسی&shy;های نمایندگی اشاره دارد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی این بحران و تحلیل مقایسه&shy;ای مشخصه&shy;&shy;های دو نوع جنبشِ غالب است که در واکنش به بحران یادشده ظاهر شدند. پرسش اصلی مقاله این است که جنبش&shy;های اجتماعی متأخر در لیبرال دموکراسی&shy;های غربی، چه شباهت&shy;ها و تفاوت&shy;&shy;هایی با هم دارند. در پاسخ، فرضیه مقاله این است که در شرایطی که نقطه اشتراک جنبش&shy;های اجتماعی جدید و پوپولیستی در غرب را می&shy;توان در واکنش آنها به بحران نمایندگی در نظام نهادیِ دموکراسی&shy;&shy;های لیبرال غربی دید، این دو نوع جنبش از منظر ایدئولوژی، سازمان، رهبری و نوع تلقی از جامعه سیاسیِ ایده&shy;آل با هم تفاوت می&zwnj;یابند. برای توجیه این فرضیه، یک چارچوب مفهومی ترکیبی&shy; به کار گرفته می&shy;شود که ارکان آن عبارتند از: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&laquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">سیاست هویت</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&raquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> و </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&laquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">دوگانۀ کثرت&zwnj;گرایی و وحدت&shy;گرایی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&raquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">. طبق این چارچوب، رکن مشترک جنبش&shy;های اجتماعی متأخر را می&shy;توان </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&laquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">دغدغه&shy; هویتیِ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&raquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> شناسایی از سوی ساختار نخبه&zwnj;گرایانه لیبرال دموکراسی دانست. در عین حال چون برداشت این جنبش&shy;&shy;ها از </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&laquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">جامعه ایده&shy;آل</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&raquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> با هم تفاوت دارد، به لحاظ مشخصه&zwnj;&shy;&shy;های جنبشی و نتایجشان برای نظام دموکراتیک با هم تفاوت می&shy;یابند. روش تحقیق مقاله به صورت توصیفی - تحلیلی است و داده&shy;ها بر اساس مطالعه منابع کتابخانه&shy;ای و پایگاه&zwnj;های اینترنتی گردآوری می&shy;شود. </span></p>جنبش‌های اجتماعی جدید، پوپولیسم، ایدئولوژی، سازمان و رهبری. http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/42434
مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش سیاست نظری2008-579618342024918Critique of the Idea of Government Neutrality in the Views of Ronald Dworkinنقد ایدۀ بی‌طرفی حکومت در آرای «رونالد دورکین»6196faافشینخاکبازدانشجوی دکتری اندیشه سیاسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، ایران سید علیرضاحسینی بهشتیاستادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسسيدعليمحمودياستاد گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده روابط بین الملل وزارت امور خارجه20231120<p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Critique of the Idea of Government Neutrality </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">in the Views of Ronald Dworkin</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 97%; tab-stops: 219.15pt;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -17.0pt; mso-pagination: none;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: black;">Afshin Khakbaz<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Seyyed Alireza Hosseini Beheshti <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a> </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Seyyed Ali Mahmoudi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">One of the fundamental concepts that categorizes intellectuals who speak within the framework of liberalism into various groups is autonomy itself and its limits and boundaries. Among these categories, one can refer to the division between supporters of government neutrality and perfectionism, or in other words advocates of non-intervention or government intervention in relation to different aspects of life, which place liberal thinkers in two distinct camps in terms of the limits and boundaries they advocate for. Dworkin constructs his theory of equality based on two principles of concern and equal respect and unique responsibility and extracts government neutrality and autonomy from these two principles. Like many advocates of government neutrality, he attaches importance to autonomy; however, he does not endorse absolute autonomy and advocates for limits and boundaries. He distinguishes between autonomy and authenticity, considering autonomy to have a narrower scope than authenticity. Dworkin, while opposing the adoption of paternalistic policies by the government, does not outright negate government intervention in various areas of political and social life, deeming such interventions to some extent necessary and unavoidable. This article, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, critically examines the concept of autonomy and its position in Dworkin's intellectual framework and seeks to answer the question of what place autonomy and consequently neutrality hold in Dworkin's thought. Ultimately, this article concludes that although the restriction of autonomy in his views, especially regarding equality in resources, is more than he admits, a paternalistic viewpoint stands out in certain aspects of his theory of resource equality.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Ronald Dworkin, State neutrality, Autonomy, Authenticity, Paternalism.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Corresponding Author: Ph.D Student of Political Thought, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">afshinkhakbaz2012@gmail.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Assistant Professor, Political Science Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">abeheshti2002@yahoo.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of International Relations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">mahmoudi3000@gmail.com</span></p> 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می&zwnj;توان به تقسیم&shy;بندی میان حامیان بی&zwnj;طرفی و کمال&zwnj;گرایی حکومت، یا به عبارت دیگر طرفداران عدم دخالت یا دخالت حکومت در قبال برداشت&zwnj;های مختلف از زندگی نیک اشاره کرد که اندیشمندان لیبرال را از نظر حد و مرزی که برای آن قائلند، در دو اردوگاه متفاوت جای می&zwnj;دهد. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&laquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">دورکین</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&raquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">، نظریۀ برابری خود را بر دو اصل دغدغه و احترام برابر و مسئولیت ویژه مبتنی ساخته و بی&zwnj;طرفی حکومت و خودفرمانی را از این دو اصل استخراج می&zwnj;کند. او نیز همچون بسیاری از اندیشمندان حامی بی&zwnj;طرفی حکومت، برای خودفرمانی نقش مهمی قائل است؛ ولی به خودفرمانی تمام&zwnj;عیار قائل نیست و برای آن حد و مرزی قائل است. او به تمایز میان خودفرمانی و اصالت قائل است و برای خودفرمانی، دایره&zwnj;ای محدودتر از اصالت در نظر می&zwnj;گیرد. دورکین ضمن مخالفت با اتخاذ سیاست&zwnj;های پدرسالارانه از طرف حکومت، دخالت حکومت در حوزه&zwnj;های مختلف حیات سیاسی و اجتماعی را یکسره نفی نمی&zwnj;کند و چنین دخالت&zwnj;هایی را تاحدی ضروری و اجتناب&zwnj;ناپذیر می&zwnj;داند. مقالۀ حاضر با بهره&zwnj;گیری از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی به بررسی انتقادی مفهوم خودفرمانی و جایگاه آن در منظومۀ فکری دورکین می&zwnj;پردازد و می&zwnj;کوشد به این پرسش پاسخ دهد که خودفرمانی و به تبع آن بی&zwnj;طرفی در اندیشۀ دورکین، چه جایگاهی دارد. در نهایت این مقاله نتیجه می&zwnj;گیرد که هرچند محدودیت خودفرمانی در آرای وی، به&zwnj;ویژه در رابطه با برابری در منابع، بیش از چیزی است که اذعان می&zwnj;کند و نگاه پدرسالارانه در بخش&zwnj;هایی از نظریۀ برابری منابع وی به&zwnj; چشم می&zwnj;خورد. </span></p>رونالد دورکین، بی‌طرفی حکومت، خودفرمانی، اصالت، پدرسالاری.http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/44753
مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش سیاست نظری2008-579618342024918Psychology and Political Action; Feasibility Study of Establishing A Collective Political Psychology Theoryروان‌شناسی و امر سیاسی؛ امکان‌سنجی تأسیس نظریه روان‌شناسی سیاسی جمعی97130fa محمدامیناکبریدانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم سیاسی گرایش مسائل ایران، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاهایرجرنجبراستادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه00000002518350542023717<p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> 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style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;">The main issue of this article is to explore the possibility of <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">establishing a collective political psychology theory by drawing on the views of Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, and Erich Fromm. The authors are concerned about the lack of attention given to the theoretical framework provided by psychologists who assess collective political actions and analyze psychoanalytic aspects of groups, organizations, political movements, and troubled societies. They believe that this aspect of political psychology has been neglected. They also believe that the subject of political psychology has been limited solely to the psychology of individuals and prominent political figures, within the framework of a narrative that is historical and past-oriented. While this theoretical approach has had some relative success in behavioral psychology of politicians and exploring the roots of their public decisions, it cannot provide convincing answers to researchers about the reasons behind the collective behaviors of a society, organization, or political group by divorcing itself from the tools of collective political psychology. Hence, authors have attempted to provide a theoretical framework through a descriptive-analytical method, based on collecting a library of metatheoretical positions. In this framework, by considering the paths and cultural, social, economic, ideological, political, and historical roots common in the collective unconscious of society that constitute their psychological disposition, and replacing the production of individual negativities with neurotic consequences within society, they aim to achieve a novel approach to collective-focused political psychology.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="font-size: 5.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Political psychology, collective unconscious, archetype, social disposition, patriarchy.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p><!-- [if 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type="connector" idref="#AutoShape_x0020_3"/> </o:rules> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; mso-pagination: none; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 25.25pt .0001pt 26.95pt;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">بررسی امکان تأسیس نظریۀ روان&shy;شناسی &shy;سیاسی جمعی با وام&shy;گرفتن از آرای </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">زیگموند فروید</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">، </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">کارل گوستاو یونگ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo; </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">و </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">اریک فروم</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">، مسئله&shy; اصلی این مقاله است. ذهنیت نویسندگان بر این دغدغه استوار بوده که با غفلت نظری نسبت به آن دسته از آرای روان&shy;شناسان که شرایط امکان ارزیابی کنش&shy;های سیاسی جمعی و تحلیل روان&shy;کاوانۀ گروه&shy;&shy;ها، سازمان&shy;ها، جریان&shy;های سیاسی و جوامع بیمار را در اختیار ما قرار می&shy;دهد، موضوع روان&shy;شناسی سیاسی در بعد جمعی خود مغفول مانده و صرفاً در پرتو روایت تاریخ&shy;انگارانه و گذشته&zwnj;گرا به روان&shy;شناسی افراد و شخصیت&shy;های برجستۀ سیاسی محدود شده است. این رویکرد نظری هرچند در رفتارشناسی سیاست&shy;مداران و واکاوی ریشه</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&lrm;&zwnj;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">های تصمیم&shy;های عمومی آنها توفیق نسبی داشته، با خلع ید خود از ابزار روان&zwnj;شناسی سیاسی جمعی، نمی&shy;تواند به پژوهشگران پاسخی اقناع&shy;کننده درباره چرایی رفتارهای مشترکِ جمعی یک جامعه، سازمان و یا گروه سیاسی بدهد. از این&shy;رو نویسندگان تلاش کرده&shy;اند تا با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، بر مبنای جمع&shy;آوری کتابخانه&zwnj;ای از موضِعی متاتئوریک، طرح&shy;واره&shy;ای نظری را ارائه دهند که در آن با ابتنا از رانه&shy;ها و ریشه&shy;های فرهنگی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، ایدئولوژیک، سیاسی و تاریخی مشترک موجود در ناخودآگاه&shy; جمعی جامعه که خوی &shy;روانی آنان را تشکیل داده و ضمن تولید فردیت منفی عوارض نوروتیک را در جامعه به جای می&shy;گذارد، رهیافتی نو برای روان&zwnj;شناسی&zwnj;سیاسی جمع&shy;محور به دست آورند. </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>روان‌شناسی سیاسی، ناخودآگاه جمعی، کهن‌الگو، خوی اجتماعی، پدرسالاری.http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/43286
مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش سیاست نظری2008-579618342024918The fourth industrial revolution and its human dangers in quasi-modern authoritarian political systemsامکان‌سنجی تعدیل مخاطرات انسانیِ متأثر از انقلاب صنعتی چهارم در ساختارهای سیاسی مبتنی بر اقتدارگرایی شبه‌مدرن131154faسید محمدرضامتقیدکترای حقوق عمومی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران0000000325882786حسنخسرویدانشیار گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.0000-0003-3092-9200بیژنعبدالکریمیدانشیار گروه فلسفه، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران0000-0002-5027-2472بیژنعباسیدانشیار گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران 2023331<p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> 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SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 95%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 95%; color: black;">Feasibility of Adjusting Human Rights Risks Affected by the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Political Structures Based on Pseudo-Modern Authoritarianism</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 95%; mso-pagination: none; margin: 0cm -.05pt .0001pt 25.25pt;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">Seyyed Mohammad Reza Mottaghi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 95%; mso-pagination: none; margin: 0cm -.05pt .0001pt 25.25pt;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">Hassan Khosravi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 95%; mso-pagination: none; margin: 0cm -.05pt .0001pt 25.25pt;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>Bijan Abdolkarimi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 95%;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%;">Bijan Abbasi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">****</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 95%;"><a name="_Hlk160321101"></a><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">The Fourth Industrial Revolution represents a transformative wave in the industry with the potential to impact various facets of human existence, promising widespread individual and societal prosperity. However, it also presents a significant risk, particularly for governments not firmly rooted in democratic principles, who may be tempted to assert control over their citizens due to the expanded capabilities afforded by this revolution. Such a scenario, if realized, threatens the emergence of new dictatorships and erodes the individuality of citizens. This article, employing an analytical-descriptive approach, seeks to explore the multifaceted human rights crises precipitated by these conditions. It endeavors to address the question: How can individual freedoms and human and citizenship rights be safeguarded against governmental encroachment in this era? Based on the results of this research, due to the expansion of capabilities arising from the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the potential for government abuse is increasing more than ever, inviting all political structures towards authoritarianism. Consequently, to prevent this situation and safeguard the rights and freedoms of citizens, the current governance models need to be re-evaluated, emphasizing on aspects of enhancing freedoms. These changes should aim to reduce the intrusion of governments into personal spheres as much as possible, moving towards absolute neutrality.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk160321101;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keyword:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> The fourth industrial revolution, authoritarianism, cyber dictatorship, pseudo-modern government and artificial intelligence.</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">* PhD of </span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Public law, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">mohammadreza.mottaghi@iranian.ac.ir </span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">** </span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Public Law, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">h.khosravi@rey.tpnu.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">*** Associate Professor, Departme</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">nt of Philosophy, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">abdolkarimi12@gmail.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">****</span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Associate Professor, Department of Public Law, University of Tehran, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Bizhan_abbasy@yahoo.com</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p><p><!-- [if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> 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style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">انقلاب صنعتی چهارم، موجی تحولی در صنعت است که می&zwnj;تواند وجوه مختلف زندگی عموم مردم را تحت تأثیر خود قرار دهد و نویدبخش شکوفایی&zwnj;های گسترده فردی و اجتماعی باشد. اما از منظری دیگر، این ساختار به واسطه افزایش امکانات منبعث از خویش، توانایی آن را دارد که هر حکومتی، به&shy;ویژه نظام&zwnj;هایی را که اعتقاد راسخ به مبانی دموکراسی ندارند، وسوسه کند تا شهروندانشان را بیشتر از پیش در چنگال کنترل&zwnj;گری&zwnj;های خود قرار دهد؛ وضعیتی که در صورت تحقق، پیام&zwnj;آور ابردیکتاتوری&zwnj;هایی جدید از سویی و اضمحلال فردیت شهروندان از سوی دیگر خواهد بود. بر این اساس مقالۀ موجود با روش تحلیلی - توصیفی و با توجه به دستاوردهای انقلاب صنعتی چهارم، فارغ از وجوه آزادی&zwnj;بخش این تحولات، ابتدا قصد آشکارسازی وجوه مختلف بحران&zwnj;های انسانی ذیل وضعیت یادشده را دارد. سپس می&zwnj;خواهد به این پرسش پاسخ دهد که چگونه می&zwnj;توان در این عصر از آزادی&zwnj;های فردی و حق&zwnj;های بشری و شهروندی در مقابل تعدّی&zwnj;های حکومت&zwnj;ها حراست کرد. بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش، به&zwnj; واسطه گسترش امکانات منبعث از انقلاب صنعتی چهارم، امکان سوء&zwnj;استفاده دولت&zwnj;ها، بیش از پیش افزایش می&zwnj;یابد و همه ساختارهای سیاسی را به &zwnj;سمت اقتدارگرایی دعوت می&zwnj;کند. لاجرم برای جلوگیری از این وضعیت و حراست از حق&zwnj;ها و آزادی&zwnj;های شهروندان باید الگوهای حکمرانی فعلی بازنگری شود و با تأکید بر وجوه آزادی&zwnj;افزای این تحولات، دایرۀ نفوذ حکومت&zwnj;ها در حوزۀ شخصی، تا حد ممکن کاهش یابد و به سمت بی&zwnj;طرفی مطلق سوق یابد.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%; mso-pagination: none; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 25.25pt .0001pt 26.95pt;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>انقلاب چهارم صنعتی، اقتدارگرایی، دیکتاتوری سایبری، دولت شبه‌مدرن و هوش مصنوعی. http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/41743
مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش سیاست نظری2008-579618342024918The Emergence of a New Concept of Homeland in Iran during the Age of Renewal (19th Century C.E.) 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>and artificial intelligence.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">The Emergence of a New Concept of Homeland in Iran during the Age of Renewal (19th Century C.E.)</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">(Case Study: The Political Thought of Mirza Malkam Khan Nazem al-Dowleh)</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Mehdi Roozkhosh<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><sup>*</sup></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>Ahmad Khaleghi Damghani<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><sup>** </sup></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">This paper aims to investigate the formation of a new concept of homeland in the political thought of one of the most prominent Iranian intellectuals of the nineteenth century, Mirza Malkam Khan Nazem al-Dowleh. The data was collected through documentary and library methods, and analyzed using content analysis approach, which is a recognized qualitative method for text analysis in many humanities studies, including intellectual history studies. However, considering the research topic, the analytical framework of Quentin Skinner was selected for examining the political ideas that explore the views of intellectuals in relation to the "issue" of the historical era. This research indicated that the new concept of homeland in 19th century Iran emerged in response to the "progress" issue. Iranian intellectuals of the 19th century saw the establishment of a modern nation-state as a way for Iran to overcome underdevelopment. Since the concepts of state, nation, and homeland (country) are interconnected in the new political thought, one of the key requirements for establishing a national state was to redefine homeland as a common property of the nation, replacing the traditional narrative that considered the homeland as the property of the king. Due to the lack of supportive legal traditions in Iran, this was particularly significant. The need for laws to establish an independent sovereignty to strengthen the new concept of homeland required legislation, which Mirza Malkam Khan pursued with his proposal for regulatory laws to establish a modern bureaucracy, laying the theoretical foundation for it in Iran. His efforts to establish a "regulated absolute government" represent the first legal interpretation of the new concept of homeland in modern Iran. The concept of "regulations" in Malkam Khan's political thought, more than any other concept, illustrates the endeavor to establish this system. Emphasizing the organization of the bureaucratic system as a necessary condition for advancing the homeland over prioritizing nation-building in the formation of the modern concept of homeland by him signifies his commitment to progress in the state-building process.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Progress, Homeland, State, Nation, Regulations.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">*</span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Corresponding Author: Ph.D in Political Science, Tarbiat Modares University of Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">roozkhosh.mehdi@gmail.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">**</span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Tehran, Iran. </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">drkhaleghi@ut.ac.ir</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p><p><!-- [if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> 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gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> <o:rules v:ext="edit"> <o:r id="V:Rule1" type="connector" idref="#AutoShape_x0020_3"/> </o:rules> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%; mso-pagination: none; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 25.25pt .0001pt 26.95pt;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">این مقاله با هدف بررسی چگونگی تکوین مفهوم جدید وطن در اندیشۀ سیاسی یکی از مهم&shy;ترین روشن&shy;فکران ایرانی قرن نوزدهم میلادی، میرزا ملکم&shy;خان ناظم&zwnj;الدوله به رشته تحریر درآمده است. داده&shy;ها با روش اسنادی - کتابخانه&shy;ای گردآوری شده و با روش تحلیل مضمون که از روش&shy;های کیفی شناخته&shy;شده برای تجزیه و تحلیل متون در بسیاری از پژوهش&shy;های علوم انسانی از جمله مطالعات تاریخ اندیشه است، واکاوی شده&zwnj; است. اما با توجه به موضوع پژوهش، دستگاه تحلیلی کوئینتن اسکینر برای بررسی اندیشه&shy;های سیاسی که آرای اندیشمندان را در نسبت با </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">مسئله</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> دوران تاریخی واکاوی می&shy;کند، به عنوان چارچوب مفهومی انجام پژوهش انتخاب شد. این تحقیق نشان داد که مفهوم جدید وطن در ایران قرن نوزدهم در پاسخ به مسئله </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">ترقی</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> ظاهر شده است. اندیشمندان ایرانی قرن نوزدهم، تأسیس دولت- ملت مدرن را راهی برای خروج ایران از توسعه&shy;نیافتگی می&shy;دیدند و چون مفاهیم دولت، ملت و وطن (کشور) در اندیشه سیاسی جدید، مفاهیم به هم پیوسته هستند، یکی از مهم&shy;ترین لوازم تأسیس دولت ملی، آن بود که تلقی از وطن به عنوان ملک مشاع ملت، جایگزین روایت سنتی از آن شود که وطن را دارایی شاه می&shy;دانست. این امر در ایران به دلیل فقدان سنت&shy;های حقوقی پشتیبان، اهمیت دوچندان داشت. تحدید سلطنت مستقل برای تحکیم مفهوم جدید وطن، نیازمند وضع قانون بود که میرزا ملکم&zwnj;خان با طرح قانون تنظیماتی برای تأسیس دیوان&shy;سالاری مدرن، شالودۀ نظری آن در ایران را پی ریخت. تلاش او برای استقرار </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">دولت مطلقه منظم</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">، مبین نخستین خوانش </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">حقوقی</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> از مفهوم جدید وطن در ایران مدرن است. مفهوم </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">تنظیمات</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> در اندیشه سیاسی ملکم&shy;خان، بیش از هر مفهوم دیگری، نمودار تلاش برای بنیادگذاری این سامانه است. تأکید بر تنظیمات دستگاه دیوانی به&shy;مثابه شرط لازم برای ترقی وطن از پیشی&shy; گرفتن دولت&shy;سازی بر ملت&zwnj;سازی در تکوین مفهوم نوآیین وطن توسط وی حکایت دارد. </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>ترقی، وطن، دولت، ملت، تنظیماتhttp://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/42699
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style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">The Mashrooteh Constitution </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">and its Supplement: The Manifestation of &ldquo;Citizenship&rdquo; and &ldquo;Republicanism&rdquo;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: -17.0pt; mso-pagination: none;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Attaullah Karimzadeh<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Abbas Manouchehri<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Sohrab Yazdani<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">The Constitutional (Mashrooteh) Period is considered the most important period in modern Iranian history concerning modernity. During this period, the Western world was not solely viewed in terms of its material and technological advancements but was also noted for its modern ideas and thoughts in various intellectual, political, and social forms. Although the concepts of "citizenship" and "republicanism" were not explicitly utilized in the text of the constitutional and its supplementary laws, this does not signify a lack of understanding of them among constitutionalists. Despite the historical traditions of "shari'a" and "monarchy" in Iran grappling with new concepts and defending their own existence, efforts were made within the constitutional and supplementary laws to preserve their influence and power by legalizing and institutionalizing them. Consequently, what transpired was the encounter of the ideas of "citizenship" and "republicanism," which meant emancipation from subjects' status and empowerment, leading to tension between the two main intellectual currents, resulting in resistance and diminishing reception. These concepts not only failed to institutionalize in the administrative realm but also did not develop substantially on a theoretical level.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Citizenship, Republic, Mashroteh, Constitution, Supplement.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" clear="all" /> </span></p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">*</span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Corresponding Author: Ph.D. Student of Political Thoughts, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">atakarimzadeh@yahoo.com </span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Professor of Political Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran. </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Amanoocheri@yahoo.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Retired Associate Professor, Department of History, Kharazmi University, Iran. </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">yazdanis1948@gmail.com</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p><p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> 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lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">شهروندی</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> و </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">جمهوریت</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> استفاده نشده است، این به معنای فقدان فهمی از آنها نزد مشروطه&zwnj;خواهان نبود. با وجود این دو سنت تاریخیِ ایران یعنی </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">شرع</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> و </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">سلطنت</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> در جدال با مفاهیم جدید و دفاع از موجودیت خود بودند و در متن قانون اساسی مشروطه و متمم آن تلاش کردند که نفوذ و قدرت خود را با حقوقی کردن و به رسمیت بخشیدن قانونی آن حفظ کنند. به همین خاطر، آنچه به وقوع پیوست، این بود که ایده&zwnj;های </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">شهروندی</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> و </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">جمهوریت</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> که به معنی فرارَوی از رعیت&zwnj;بودگیِ مردم و قدرت یافتن آنها بود، در نتیجه تنش بین دو جریان فکری اصلی با ممانعت و تقلیل&zwnj;یافتگی مواجه شد و نه&zwnj;تنها در ساحت انضمامي نهادينه نشد، بلكه در ساحت نظري نيز رشد نيافت.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>شهروندی، جمهوریت، مشروطه، قانون اساسی و متممhttp://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/43788
مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش سیاست نظری2008-579618342024918Constitutional Law: Reinterpretation of the Islamic Government within the Framework of Religious Content in the Jurisprudential Thoughts of Ayatollah Montazeri and Ayatollah Beheshtiقانون اساسی: محتوای دینی در قالب عرفی بازخوانی حکومت اسلامی در اندیشه آیت‌الله منتظری و آیت‌الله بهشتی213242faمهدی نجف‌زادهدانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد0000-0001-5304-6908وحید سینائیدانشیار علوم سیاسی دانشگاه فردوسي مشهد0000000339852449 احمد رحیمیدانشجوی دکتری علوم سیاسی گرایش مسائل ایران، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد202357<p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> 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SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 92%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 92%; color: black;">Constitutional Law: Reinterpretation</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 92%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 92%; color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>of the Islamic Government within the Framework </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 92%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 92%; color: black;">of Religious Content in the Jurisprudential Thoughts </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 92%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 92%; color: black;">of Ayatollah Montazeri and Ayatollah Beheshti</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 92%;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 92%;">Mahdi Najafzadeh<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 92%;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 92%;">Vahid Sinaee<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 92%;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 92%;">Ahmad Rahimi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 92%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran institutionalized the principle of Guardianship of the Jurist (Velayat-e Faqih) in the country and extended its influence over all aspects of the lives of the Iranian people. Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri and Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini Beheshti played an irreplaceable role in formulating the Constitution due to their positions in the parliament. Each of these two eminent figures had significant differences in their understanding of the Constitution and its concepts. This article, from the perspective of Skinner's hermeneutic method, delves into analyzing the prominent roles of these two figures in the Islamic Revolution in the drafting of the Constitution. What were their intentions and practical actions within the political system established by the Constitution? During a time when Islam was severely threatened by Western thought, they aimed to establish an Islamic political system. Montazeri believed that the principles and rules of fiqh concerning the concept of Guardianship of the Jurist were sufficient for governing Islamic society, while Beheshti viewed Islamic principles and standards around the axis of Guardianship of the Jurist as a framework that could selectively incorporate modern democratic, Marxist, and human rights concepts to be responsive to the current Iranian Islamic society. In the final analysis, Beheshti's theory prevailed in drafting the Constitution, bringing about an Islamic government through a constructed customary process.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 92%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Constitution, Velayat-e Faqih, Ayatollah Montazeri, Ayatollah Beheshti and Skinner.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic'; mso-no-proof: yes;">*</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';"> Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Political Science Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">m.najafzadeh@um.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic'; mso-no-proof: yes;">**</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';"> Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">sinaee@um.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic'; mso-no-proof: yes;">***</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';"> Ph.D. Student of political science majoring in Iranian issues, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>ahmadrahimi222@gmail.com</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p><p><!-- [if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> 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9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1029"/> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> <o:rules v:ext="edit"> <o:r id="V:Rule1" type="connector" idref="#AutoShape_x0020_3"/> </o:rules> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%; mso-pagination: none; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 25.25pt .0001pt 26.95pt;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، آموزه ولایت&zwnj;فقیه را در کشور نهادینه و آن را بر تمام شئون مردم ایران چیره کرد. آیت&shy;الله حسینعلی منتظری و آیت&shy;الله سید محمد حسینی بهشتی به &zwnj;واسطه جایگاهشان در مجلس، نقشی بی</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">&shy;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">بدیل در تدوین قانون اساسی داشتند. هر کدام از این دو درباره قانون اساسی و مفهوم آن در ذهنشان، تفاوت&zwnj;های مهمی داشتند. در این مقاله از دیدگاه هرمنوتیک روشی اسکینر، به تحلیل نقش این دو شخصیت برجسته انقلاب اسلامی در قانون اساسی پرداخته&shy;ایم. اینکه این دو از نظام سیاسی مستقر در قانون اساسی چه هدفی داشتند و عملاً چه&zwnj; کاری انجام دادند؟ آنها در دورانی که اسلام به&zwnj;شدت از سوی اندیشه غربی، تهدید به نابودی می&zwnj;شد، می</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">&shy;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">خواستند نظام سیاسی اسلامی ایجاد کنند. منتظری، مفاهیم و احکام فقه حول اندیشه ولایت&zwnj;فقیه را برای اداره جامعه اسلامی کافی می&shy;دانست؛ بهشتی اما احکام و موازین اسلامی را در حول محور ولایت&zwnj;فقیه به &zwnj;عنوان چارچوبی می&shy;نگریست که درون آن به&zwnj; گونه&zwnj;ای گزینشی، مفاهیم مدرن دموکراتیک، مارکسیستی و حقوق بشری را بتوان استفاده کرد تا پاسخگوی جامعه کنونی ایران اسلامی باشد. در تحلیل نهایی در تدوین قانون اساسی، نظریه بهشتی دست بالا گرفت و حکومت اسلامی با ساختی عرفی را پدیدار کرد. </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%; mso-pagination: none; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 25.25pt .0001pt 26.95pt;"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>قانون اساسی، ولایت‌فقیه، آیت‌الله منتظری، آیت‌الله بهشتی و اسکینر. http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/42160
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Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Ayatollah Naeini and the Establishment </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">of a Revolutionary Democratic System</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Hamid Jafari<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Seyyed Mohsen Alavipour<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Naeini was able to present a proposal for a democratic system entitled "Constitutional Government" through theoretical elaboration on concepts such as the constitution, the national assembly, councils, the necessity of consulting with the people's representatives, giving meaning and political weight to the principles of enjoining good and forbidding evil, emphasizing participatory democracy, the role of councils in overseeing laws, and ultimately introducing a new theory in Shia political jurisprudence. The theory prioritizes a form of "compromise" and, through this, provides the necessary intellectual groundwork for separating political affairs from religious matters. An examination of this theory within the framework of pioneering theoretical perspectives on political developments worldwide demonstrates the extent to which he was familiar with the foundations of a democratic system in the contemporary world. By incorporating religious and cultural teachings, he was able to design such a system based on the modern needs of Iranian society. This research aims to elaborate on the novel articulation of the principles outlined by contemporary political philosopher Hannah Arendt for a republic and a successful revolution, within Naeini's governance theory. Within this framework, it becomes evident that the founding principle emphasizes positive freedom and the participation of citizens who are equal under the law. The two fundamental principles of "liberty" and "equality" are well articulated within Naeini's legitimate government theory. Therefore, this theory can be considered as pioneering in modernizing the political structure of the country based on fundamental democratic principles. The research methodology employed is descriptive-analytical and relies on library research.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Naeini, Arendt, positive freedom, participation, and foundation.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Ph.D. Student </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">of political Science, Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution Research Institute, Iran</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">h.jafari848586@gmail.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Applied Policy Studies, Research Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Iran</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">m.alavipour@gmail.com</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p><p><!-- [if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> 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QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1029"/> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> <o:rules v:ext="edit"> <o:r id="V:Rule1" type="connector" idref="#AutoShape_x0020_3"/> </o:rules> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; mso-pagination: none; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 25.25pt .0001pt 26.95pt;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">نائینی توانست طرح یک نظام دموکراتیک با عنوان </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">دولت مشروطه</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> را با نظریه&zwnj;پردازی مفاهیمی مانند قانون اساسی،</span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">مجلس ملی، شورا و لزوم مشورت با نمایندگان مردم، معنا و بارسیاسی دادن به دو اصل امربه معروف و نهی از منکر، تأکید بر دموکراسی انجمنی و نقش آنها در نظارت بر قوانین و در نهایت ابداع نظریۀ جدید در فقه سیاسی شیعه ارائه کند که اولویت آن </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">مصالحه نوعیه</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> باشد و به&zwnj;واسطه آن، زمینه&zwnj;های فکری لازم را برای جدایی امر سیاسی از امر دینی فراهم آورد. بررسی این نظریه با ابتنا بر چارچوب&zwnj;های نظری پیشگام در تحولات سیاسی در دنیا نشان می&zwnj;دهد که او تا چه اندازه با بنیادهای یک نظام دموکراتیک در دنیای معاصر آشنا بوده است و توانسته بود با بهره&zwnj;گیری ازآموزه&zwnj;های دینی و مذهبی، طراحی چنین نظامی را مبتنی بر نیازهای روزآمد جامعه ایرانی صورت دهد. پژوهش حاضر بر آن است که با واکاوی اصولی که فیلسوف سیاسی معاصر، </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">هانا آرنت</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> برای یک دولت جمهوری و یک انقلاب موفق ارائه داده است، در نظریه حکومتی نائینی، مفصل&zwnj;بندی نوینی از چارچوب&zwnj;های این نظریه به دست دهد. در این چارچوب مشخص می&zwnj;شود که اصل بنیان&shy;گذاری و آغازگری، تأکید بر آزادی مثبت و مشارکت شهروندانی که از لحاظ حقوقی برابر هستند، در نظریه دولت مشروع نائینی در بطن دو اصل اساسی </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">حریت</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> و </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">مساوات</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&raquo;</span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">به&zwnj;خوبی مفصل&zwnj;بندی شده است و بر این اساس این نظریه را می&zwnj;توان نظریه&zwnj;ای پیشگام در روزآمدسازی سامان سیاسی کشور بر اساس اصول بنیادین دموکراسی در نظر آورد. روش این پژوهش، توصیفی- تحلیلی و براساس مطالعه کتابخانه &shy;ای است.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; mso-pagination: none; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 25.25pt .0001pt 26.95pt;"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>نائینی، آرنت، آزادی مثبت، مشارکت و بنیان‌گذاریhttp://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/45400
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">A Hermeneutical Contemplation on the Concept </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">of "Discourse Action" by Mehdi Bazargan,</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">with a Focus on the Concept of Secularism</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Javad Mavizchi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Seyyed Khodayar Mortazavi Asl <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Seyyed Mostafa Tagavi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">"Mehdi Bazargan," as one of the most prominent figures of the enlightened religious intellectual movement in Iran, while expressing devotion to religion, made significant efforts in the realms of thought and political action. Nevertheless, one of the questions about him concerns his relationship with "secular thought," as numerous statements suggesting his non-secular interpretation are juxtaposed with ample evidence placing him within the realm of secular scholarship. This article aims to utilize a hermeneutic interpretive approach, particularly drawing on the narrative of "Quentin Skinner," to answer the question of whether Bazargan was secular or not. Based on this, the primary question of this research, focusing on Skinner's specific interpretive model that emphasizes understanding the "author's intention" and the necessity of "understanding the intended speech act" within a linguistic framework, is examined to evaluate the proposition. In the course of this research, while uncovering the subtleties and difficulties of interpreting the ideas of enlightened thinkers like Bazargan, the potential of Skinner's five-stage model emerges for understanding the analytical process, leading to the conclusion that Bazargan's views and actions, especially in his later years, exhibit a high potential and clear implications for a secular interpretation.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Bazargan, speech act, hermeneutics, secularism, and Skinner.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic'; mso-no-proof: yes;">*</span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Ph.D. Student of Political Science, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">jama2018ps@gmail.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic'; mso-no-proof: yes;">**</span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Kh_mortazavi@azad.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">***</span></sup></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Revolution, Institute of Contemporary History, Tehran, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 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وی، فهم نسبت او با </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">اندیشه سکولاریسم</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> است؛ چنان&shy;که در کنار انبوه گزاره&shy;ها مبنی بر غیر سکولار خواندنش، قرائن زیادی نیز او را در زمرۀ اندیشمندی سکولار جای می&shy;دهد. در این مقاله سعی می&shy;شود تا با بهره&shy;گیری از روش تفسیری (هرمنوتیک) و به &shy;طور خاص روایت </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">کوئنتین اسکینر</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">، برای سؤال سکولار بودن یا نبودن بازرگان، پاسخ یافته&shy; شود. بر این اساس پرسش اصلی این پژوهش با تمرکز بر مدلِ خاص تفسیری اسکینر که بر فهمِ </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">قصدِ مؤلف</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> و ضرورت </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">فهمِ کنشِ&shy;گفتاری قصدشده</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> در چارچوب زبانی، مجادلات فکری و منازعات سیاسی زمانه تأکید دارد، به بوته ارزیابی گزارده می&shy;شود. در روند این پژوهش، ضمن آشکار شدن ظرافت&shy;ها و دشواری&shy;های خوانش آرای روشن&shy;فکری چون بازرگان، ظرفیت الگوی پنج&zwnj;مرحله&zwnj;ای اسکینر برای فهم فرایند تحلیل نمایان می&shy;شود و این نتیجه حاصل می&zwnj;گردد که آرا و کنش&shy;های بازرگان به&shy;ویژه در سال&shy;های پایانی عمر وی، ظرفیت بالا و دلالت&shy;های آشکاری برای خوانش سکولار دارد. </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>بازرگان، کنش گفتاری، هرمنوتیک، سکولاریسم و اسکینرhttp://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/38032
مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش سیاست نظری2008-579618342024918The challenges of the discourse of the Islamic revolution in the face of the generation of the eighties; A case study, the fields of economic entrepreneurship, intellectualism and political governanceچالش‌های گفتمان انقلاب اسلامی ایران در مواجهه با نسل دهۀ هشتاد (مطالعۀ موردی: حوزه‌های کارآفرینیِ اقتصادی، روشن‌فکری و حکمرانی سیاسی)299327faمیثم قهرمان استادیار پژوهشی گروه مطالعات تاریخی انقلاب اسلامی (مرکز اسناد انقلاب اسلامی)، ایران 0000000240652228هادیکشاورزدانش‌آموخته دکتری جامعه‌شناسی سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، ایران Ph.D in Political Sociology, University of Tehran, Iran. 2022111<p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> 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Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">The Challenges of the Discourse of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in Relation to the Generation of the 1980s: A Case Study of Economic Entrepreneurship, Intellectualism, and Political Governance</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Meisam Ghahraman<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><sup>* </sup></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Hadi Keshavarz<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><sup>**</sup></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Religious governments such as the Islamic Republic of Iran require, on one hand, profound meanings derived from specific Islamic epistemological arguments for their effective reproduction, while on the other hand, they need legal subjects who are persuaded by these epistemic meanings. However, in today's acute reality, with the emergence of generations possessing fluid and virtual identities, deep epistemological meanings across various domains face serious challenges, gradually diminishing their role in human life. Accordingly, this article aims to investigate the changes occurring in three areas&mdash;economic entrepreneurship, intellectualism, and political governance&mdash;by focusing on the characteristics of the generation of the 1980s, which rarely occupy legal and epistemic positions due to their fluidity and virtuality. Following this analysis, we will address the transformations that the discourse of the Islamic Revolution must undergo in these emerging conditions. Overall, the findings indicate that the fading of deep epistemological meanings among the generation of the 1980s not only marginalizes the general epistemological discussions of intellectuals but also creates space for the emergence of specific intellectuals. In the economic domain, this shift results in the formation of a startup economy and the emergence</span> of a new and high-risk type of entrepreneurship known as chain entrepreneurship. Consequently, in the realm of political governance, the need for low-cost and efficient governance over the subjects of the 1980s necessitates a departure from general and epistemological rules, transforming Islamic governance into Islamic governance management.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 97%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords: </span></strong><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">eneration of the 1980s, Epistemological Approach (Transcendental Method), Non-Epistemological Approach (Inherently Methodological), Specific Intellectual, Islamic Republic of Iran.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%;" align="right"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background: white;"><span style="color: #565656;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" clear="all" /> </span></strong></p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background: white;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">* Corresponding Author: Research Assistant Professor of Islamic Revolution Historical Studies Department (Islamic Revolution Documentation Center), Iran</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background: white;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Meisam.ghahreman@gmail.com </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background: white;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">** PhD in Political Sociology, University of Tehran, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background: white;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">h_keshavarz@ut.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background: white;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">** Ph.D in Political Sociology, University of Tehran, Iran. </span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background: white;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="mailto:h_keshavarz@ut.ac.ir"><span style="color: windowtext; 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&zwnj;اساس در این مقاله می&zwnj;کوشیم تا با مبنا قرار دادن ویژگی&zwnj;های نسل دهۀ هشتاد (که با سیّالیت و مجازیت خود به&zwnj;ندرت جایگاهی حقوقی و معرفتی را اشغال می&zwnj;کنند)، ابتدا تغییرات شکل&zwnj;گرفته در سه حوزۀ کارآفرینی، روشن&shy;فکری و حکمرانی سیاسی را بررسی کنیم و سپس به تحولاتی که گفتمان انقلاب اسلامی در این شرایط نوظهور باید به خود گیرد، بپردازیم. به &zwnj;طور</span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">کلی یافته&zwnj;های تحقیق بیانگر آن است که کم&zwnj;رنگ&zwnj;شدن معانی عمیق معرفتی نزد نسل دهۀ هشتاد، ضمن &shy;آنکه مباحث معرفت&zwnj;شناختیِ روشن&zwnj;فکران عام را به حاشیه می&zwnj;برد و فضا را برای ظهور روشن&shy;فکران خاص فراهم می&zwnj;کند، در حوزۀ اقتصادی موجب شکل&zwnj;گیری اقتصاد استارت&zwnj;آپی و ظهور نوع جدیدی از کارآفرینیِ پُرخطر به نام کارآفرینیِ زنجیره&zwnj;ای می&zwnj;شود. به&shy;تبع این تحولات، در حوزۀ </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">حکمرانی سیاسی</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> نیز حکومت &zwnj;کردنِ کم&zwnj;هزینه و کارآمد بر سوژه&zwnj;های دهۀ هشتادی مستلزم عبور از قاعده&zwnj;&zwnj;های کلی و معرفت&zwnj;شناختی و تبدیل حکومت اسلامی به حکومت&shy;مندی اسلامی است. </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>نسل دهۀ هشتاد، رویکرد معرفت‌شناسانه (روش استعلایی)، رویکرد غیر معرفت‌شناسانه (روش درون‌ماندگار)، روشن‌فکر خاص، جمهوری اسلامی ایران.http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/39916
مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش سیاست نظری2008-579618342024918Analytical Pattern of Behavior from Social-Political Actionالگوی تحلیلی رفتار از کنش اجتماعی- سیاسی329356fa رحیم ابوالحسنی دانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران20231121<p><!-- [if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> 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class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Analytical Pattern of Behavior </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">from Social-Political Action</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span class="rynqvb"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">&nbsp;</span></strong></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: right;" align="right"><span class="rynqvb"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Seyyed Rahim Abolhasani</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">*</span></span></a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span class="rynqvb"><strong><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">&nbsp;</span></strong></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">To understand the reasons for people's participation in social and political arenas, various analytical patterns can be utilized. The purpose of this article is to present a suitable analytical model for comprehending and delineating the causes and contexts of the social-political behaviors and actions of individuals for future research. This research attempts to answer the question of how political participation can be analyzed using a model. By employing an analytical-descriptive method and drawing on a theory based on social-political behavior, it is possible to provide an analytical model for political participation. Thus, we aim to integrate the micro and macro levels of analysis and compare the main explanatory variables of behavior in interaction with each other. The influential variables on individuals' social action motivations are categorized into internal (values, beliefs, and emotions) and external (goal-oriented) factors.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Analytical pattern, behavior or action, inclinations and tendencies, attitudes and perceptions, stimuli and environmental and structural factors.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">*</span></span></a><span class="rynqvb"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Tehran, Iran</span></span><span class="rynqvb"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="rynqvb"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">abhasani@ut.ac.ir</span></span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p><p><!-- 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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; mso-pagination: none; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 25.25pt .0001pt 26.95pt;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">برای درک علل مشارکت مردم در عرصه&zwnj;های اجتماعی و سیاسی از الگوهای تحلیلی مختلفی می&shy;توان بهره جست. هدف این مقاله، ارائه الگوی تحلیلی مناسب برای فهم و تبیین علل و زمینه&zwnj;های رفتار و کنش اجتماعی- سیاسی افراد برای پژوهش&zwnj;های آتی است. در این پژوهش سعی شده است تا به این پرسش پاسخ دهد که چگونه می&zwnj;توان با یک الگو به تحلیل مشارکت سیاسی پرداخت و با روشی تحلیلی- توصیفی با بهره&shy;گیری از نظریۀ تلفیقی مبتنی بر رفتار اجتماعی- سیاسی، امکان مدلی تحلیلی را برای مشارکت سیاسی فراهم کند. در این راستا بر آن بوده&zwnj;ایم تا ضمن ادغام دو سطح تحلیل خرد و کلان، متغیرهای اصلی توضیح&shy;دهنده رفتار را در تعامل با یکدیگر مورد مدّاقه قرار دهیم. متغیرهای مؤثر بر انگیزه&zwnj;های کنش اجتماعی افراد به دو دستۀ درونی فرد (ارزشی، اعتقادی و احساسی) و بیرون از فرد (عقلانیت معطوف به هدف) تقسیم می&zwnj;شود. </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; mso-pagination: none; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 25.25pt .0001pt 26.95pt;"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>الگوی تحلیلی، رفتار یا کنش، تمایلات و گرایش‌ها، نگرش‌ها و طرز تلقّی‌ها، محرک‌ها و عوامل محیطی و ساختاری. http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/44771
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<ArticleSet>
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<Journal>
<PublisherName>مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوری</PublisherName>
<JournalTitle>پژوهش سیاست نظری</JournalTitle>
<ISSN>2008-5796</ISSN>
<Volume>18</Volume>
<Issue>34</Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
<Year>2024</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
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<ArticleTitle>The Relation of Subject and Structural Authority in Althusser and Lacan's Views</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>نسبت سوژه و اقتدار ساختارمند در آرای آلتوسر و لاکان</VernacularTitle>
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<Language>fa</Language>
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<FirstName> پیمان </FirstName>
<LastName> زنگنه</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشجوی دکتری علوم سیاسی (اندیشه‌های سیاسی)، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">oooo-ooo2-7373-1950</Identifier>
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<Author>
<FirstName>سید حسین </FirstName>
<LastName>اطهری</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-00001-7332-4848</Identifier>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>روح الله </FirstName>
<LastName>اسلامی</LastName>
<Affiliation>استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">ooooooo174296105</Identifier>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>رضا </FirstName>
<LastName>نصیری حامد</LastName>
<Affiliation>استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000000179770531</Identifier>
</Author>
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<History PubStatus="received">
<Year>2023</Year>
<Month>7</Month>
<Day>17</Day>
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5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">The Relation of Subject and Structural </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Authority in Althusser and Lacan's Views</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Peyman Zanganeh <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Seyyed Hossein Athari<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Ruhollah Eslami <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Reza Nasiri Hamed<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">****</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Paradigms are common semantic patterns that guide the kind of attitude towards the world and social practices. Tradition, Modernism and Postmodernism are often used to refer to intellectual developments in the foundations and assumptions as well as the consequences of thought-making throughout history. One of the most important principles of this paradigm division is the analysis of the ratio of structure to broker and th<a name="_GoBack"></a>eir interaction and interaction. In particular, it seems that the ratio of structure and agent in contemporary thought has become much more complex than the dual-division and inherently common and conventional as poststructuralist thinkers or postmodern inspiring thinkers like Jacques Lacan have advanced their discussions using the unconscious conception of man as a structure based on language. On the other hand, classifiable thinkers in the modern approach such as Louis Althusser, with their structuralist viewpoint, have provided the grounds for doubt in the independent and self-founded identity of the subject. In this article, by focusing on a reading of Althusser's and Lacan's views, some of the similarities of their viewpoint and its consequences on the relation between the subject and authority are discussed. The findings of the study indicate that in the process of developing the subject in the context of language and ideology and in relation to social structures, with all the fluctuations and ups and upheavals, the subject does not die and the power along with its repressive and limiting aspect also builds the subject. Therefore, in Althusser's thought, along with many similarities with Lacan's thought, the authority is more important and in Lacan's attitude, the subject has more possibilities to escape from authority. So Althusser has considered the subject under it by discussing ideology, although from his point of view in the field of ideology, there is also the possibility of forming resistance centers. In addition, Lacan also considers language as a dominant structure of the subject that directs its actions, but is affected by the transformation of the political in his view, a kind of situation of impulsivity and evasion from authority in the subject.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> 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font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Language, Desire, Apparatus, Unconscious and objective reality.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">*</span></sup></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Ph.D Student in Political Science (Political Thoughts), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">peyman.zanganeh@mail.um.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">**</span></sup></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Corresponding Author: </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">athari@um.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">***</span></sup></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">eslami.ir@um.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">****</span></sup></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Assistant Professor, Political Science Department, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">r.nasirihamed@tabrizu.ac.ir</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p></Abstract>
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mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">پارادایم&shy;ها، الگوهای معنایی مشترکی هستند که نوع نگرش نسبت به جهان و کردارهای اجتماعی را جهت می&shy;دهند. معمولاً از پارادایم&shy;های چندگانه&shy;ای ذیل عنوان سنت، مدرنیسم و پست&shy;مدرنیسم برای اشاره به تطورات فکری صورت&zwnj;گرفته در مبانی و مفروضات و نیز تتبعات اندیشه&shy;ورزی در طول تاریخ استفاده می&shy;شود. یکی از مهم&shy;ترین اصول این تقسیم&shy;بندی پارادایمی، تحلیل نسبت ساختار با کارگزار و تقابل و تعامل آنها بوده است. به&shy;ویژه به نظر می&shy;رسد که نسبت ساختار و کارگزار در اندیشۀ معاصر، بسی پیچیده&shy;تر از تقسیم&shy;بندی دوگانه و ذات&shy;گرایانه متداول و مرسوم گردیده است؛ چنان&shy;که برای نمونه، اندیشمندان پساساختارگرا و یا الهام&shy;بخش پست&shy;مدرنی همانند </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&laquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">ژاک لاکان</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&raquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">، مباحث خود را با استفاده از تلقی ناخودآگاه آدمی به&shy;مثابۀ ساختاری مبتنی بر زبان به پیش برده&shy;اند. از سوی دیگر اندیشمندان قابل دسته&shy;بندی در رویکرد مدرن همچون </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&laquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">لویی آلتوسر</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&raquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> با دیدگاه ساختارگرای خود، زمینه&shy;های تردید در هویت مستقل و خودبنیاد سوژه را فراهم آورده&shy;اند. در این نوشتار با تمرکز بر خوانشی از آرای آلتوسر و لاکان به برخی از همانندی&shy;های دیدگاه ایشان و تبعات آن بر نسبت بین سوژه با اقتدار پرداخته می&shy;شود. یافته&zwnj;های مطالعه&zwnj; بیانگر آن است که سوژه در فرایند تکوین خود در بستر زبان و ایدئولوژی و در نسبتی با ساختارهای اجتماعی، با همۀ نوسان&zwnj;ها و افت&zwnj;و خیزهایی </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&shy;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">که داشته، دچار مرگ نشده و قدرت درکنار وجه سرکوب&zwnj;گر و محدودکنندۀ خویش، به برساختن سوژه نیز می&zwnj;پردازد. از این&shy;رو در اندیشه آلتوسر، ضمن بسیاری از تشابهات با اندیشه لاکان، مرجعیت اقتدار، بیشتر مورد توجه است و در نگرش لاکان، سوژه، امکان&zwnj;های بیشتری برای گریز از اقتدار دارد. پس آلتوسر با طرح بحث ایدئولوژی، سوژه را ذیل آن در نظر گرفته، هرچند از دید او در عرصه ایدئولوژی، امکان شکل&zwnj;گیری کانون&shy;های مقاومت نیز وجود دارد. افزون بر این لاکان نیز زبان را به صورت ساختاری مسلط بر سوژه در نظر می&shy;گیرد که به کردارهایش جهت می&zwnj;دهد، اما متأثر از متحول بودن امر سیاسی در دیدگاه وی، نوعی وضعیت بی&zwnj;قراری وگریز از مرجع اقتدار در سوژه مشاهده می&shy;شود</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">.</span></p></OtherAbstract>
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<Param Name="Value">زبان، میل، آپاراتوس، ناخودآگاه و امر واقعی. </Param>
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<ArchiveCopySource DocType="Pdf">http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/43261</ArchiveCopySource>
</ARTICLE>
<ARTICLE>
<Journal>
<PublisherName>مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوری</PublisherName>
<JournalTitle>پژوهش سیاست نظری</JournalTitle>
<ISSN>2008-5796</ISSN>
<Volume>18</Volume>
<Issue>34</Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
<Year>2024</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
</PubDate>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Crisis of Representation and the Rise of Social Movements: A Comparative Analysis of New Social Movements and Populist Movements</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>بحران نمایندگی و ظهور جنبش‌های اجتماعی: تحلیل تطبیقی جنبش‌های اجتماعی جدید و پوپولیستی</VernacularTitle>
<FirstPage>29</FirstPage>
<LastPage>59</LastPage>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi"/>
<Language>fa</Language>
<AuthorList>
<Author>
<FirstName>سلامه</FirstName>
<LastName>قلی پور خطیر</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>محسن</FirstName>
<LastName>عباس‌زاده مرزبالی</LastName>
<Affiliation>استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000000259096399</Identifier>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>محمدتقی</FirstName>
<LastName>قزلسفلی</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<History PubStatus="received">
<Year>2023</Year>
<Month>5</Month>
<Day>28</Day>
</History>
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Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Crisis of Representation and the Rise of Social Movements: A Comparative Analysis of New Social Movements and Populist Movements</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">&nbsp;Salame Qolipour Khatir <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Mohsen Abbaszadeh Marzbali <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Mohammad Taghi Qezelsofla<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">In recent decades, we have witnessed the emergence of various social movements in Western liberal democracies. These movements have their roots in a crisis of representation, which refers to the gap between citizens' aspirations and decision-making institutions in representative democracies. The aim of the present study is to investigate this crisis and conduct a comparative analysis of the characteristics of two dominant types of movements that have emerged in response to this crisis. The main question of the article is to explore the similarities and differences between late social movements in Western liberal democracies. In response, the hypothesis of the article posits that in circumstances where the emergence of new social and populist movements in the West can be viewed in response to the crisis of representation in the institutional structure of Western liberal democracies, these two types of movements differ in terms of ideology, organization, leadership, and perception of an ideal political society. To justify this hypothesis, a combined conceptual framework is employed, consisting of the elements of "politics of identity" and the dualism of pluralism and unity. According to this framework, the common element of late social movements can be identified as an "identity concern" stemming from the elitist structure of liberal democracy. However, due to differences in their interpretation of the "ideal society," these movements differ in their characteristics and implications for the democratic system. The research method of the article is descriptive-analytical, and data is collected based on the study of library resources and online databases.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 97%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> New social movements, Populism, Ideology, Organization and Leadership.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 92%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 92%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">*</span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 92%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">M.A Student, Political Science, Mazandaran University, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 92%;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 92%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">salamegholipor9078@gmail.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 92%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 92%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; letter-spacing: -.2pt;"> Corresponding Author: </span><span dir="RTL"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 92%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Assistant Professor, Political Science Department, Mazandaran University, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 92%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 92%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';"><a href="mailto:m.abbaszadeh@umz.ac.ir"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">m.abbaszadeh@umz.ac.ir</span></a></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 92%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 92%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Associate Professor, Political Science Department, Mazandaran University, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 92%;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 92%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">m.ghezel@umz.ac.ir</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p></Abstract>
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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">در دهه&zwnj;&zwnj;&shy;&shy;&zwnj;&zwnj;&zwnj;&zwnj;&zwnj;&shy;&shy;های اخیر شاهد ظهور جنبش&zwnj;&shy;های اجتماعی مختلف در لیبرال دموکراسی&shy;های غربی بوده&shy;ایم. این جنبش&shy;ها ریشه در بحران نمایندگی دارند؛ بحرانی که به شکاف میان خواسته&shy;های شهروندان و نهادهای تصمیم&shy;گیری در دموکراسی&shy;های نمایندگی اشاره دارد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی این بحران و تحلیل مقایسه&shy;ای مشخصه&shy;&shy;های دو نوع جنبشِ غالب است که در واکنش به بحران یادشده ظاهر شدند. پرسش اصلی مقاله این است که جنبش&shy;های اجتماعی متأخر در لیبرال دموکراسی&shy;های غربی، چه شباهت&shy;ها و تفاوت&shy;&shy;هایی با هم دارند. در پاسخ، فرضیه مقاله این است که در شرایطی که نقطه اشتراک جنبش&shy;های اجتماعی جدید و پوپولیستی در غرب را می&shy;توان در واکنش آنها به بحران نمایندگی در نظام نهادیِ دموکراسی&shy;&shy;های لیبرال غربی دید، این دو نوع جنبش از منظر ایدئولوژی، سازمان، رهبری و نوع تلقی از جامعه سیاسیِ ایده&shy;آل با هم تفاوت می&zwnj;یابند. برای توجیه این فرضیه، یک چارچوب مفهومی ترکیبی&shy; به کار گرفته می&shy;شود که ارکان آن عبارتند از: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&laquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">سیاست هویت</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&raquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> و </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&laquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">دوگانۀ کثرت&zwnj;گرایی و وحدت&shy;گرایی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&raquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">. طبق این چارچوب، رکن مشترک جنبش&shy;های اجتماعی متأخر را می&shy;توان </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&laquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">دغدغه&shy; هویتیِ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&raquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> شناسایی از سوی ساختار نخبه&zwnj;گرایانه لیبرال دموکراسی دانست. در عین حال چون برداشت این جنبش&shy;&shy;ها از </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&laquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">جامعه ایده&shy;آل</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&raquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> با هم تفاوت دارد، به لحاظ مشخصه&zwnj;&shy;&shy;های جنبشی و نتایجشان برای نظام دموکراتیک با هم تفاوت می&shy;یابند. روش تحقیق مقاله به صورت توصیفی - تحلیلی است و داده&shy;ها بر اساس مطالعه منابع کتابخانه&shy;ای و پایگاه&zwnj;های اینترنتی گردآوری می&shy;شود. </span></p></OtherAbstract>
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<Param Name="Value">جنبش‌های اجتماعی جدید، پوپولیسم، ایدئولوژی، سازمان و رهبری. </Param>
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<ArchiveCopySource DocType="Pdf">http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/42434</ArchiveCopySource>
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<ARTICLE>
<Journal>
<PublisherName>مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوری</PublisherName>
<JournalTitle>پژوهش سیاست نظری</JournalTitle>
<ISSN>2008-5796</ISSN>
<Volume>18</Volume>
<Issue>34</Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
<Year>2024</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
</PubDate>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Critique of the Idea of Government Neutrality in the Views of Ronald Dworkin</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>نقد ایدۀ بی‌طرفی حکومت در آرای «رونالد دورکین»</VernacularTitle>
<FirstPage>61</FirstPage>
<LastPage>96</LastPage>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi"/>
<Language>fa</Language>
<AuthorList>
<Author>
<FirstName>افشین</FirstName>
<LastName>خاکباز</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشجوی دکتری اندیشه سیاسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، ایران </Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>سید علیرضا</FirstName>
<LastName>حسینی بهشتی</LastName>
<Affiliation>استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>سيدعلي</FirstName>
<LastName>محمودي</LastName>
<Affiliation>استاد گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده روابط بین الملل وزارت امور خارجه</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<History PubStatus="received">
<Year>2023</Year>
<Month>11</Month>
<Day>20</Day>
</History>
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5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Critique of the Idea of Government Neutrality </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">in the Views of Ronald Dworkin</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 97%; tab-stops: 219.15pt;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -17.0pt; mso-pagination: none;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; color: black;">Afshin Khakbaz<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Seyyed Alireza Hosseini Beheshti <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a> </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Seyyed Ali Mahmoudi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">One of the fundamental concepts that categorizes intellectuals who speak within the framework of liberalism into various groups is autonomy itself and its limits and boundaries. Among these categories, one can refer to the division between supporters of government neutrality and perfectionism, or in other words advocates of non-intervention or government intervention in relation to different aspects of life, which place liberal thinkers in two distinct camps in terms of the limits and boundaries they advocate for. Dworkin constructs his theory of equality based on two principles of concern and equal respect and unique responsibility and extracts government neutrality and autonomy from these two principles. Like many advocates of government neutrality, he attaches importance to autonomy; however, he does not endorse absolute autonomy and advocates for limits and boundaries. He distinguishes between autonomy and authenticity, considering autonomy to have a narrower scope than authenticity. Dworkin, while opposing the adoption of paternalistic policies by the government, does not outright negate government intervention in various areas of political and social life, deeming such interventions to some extent necessary and unavoidable. This article, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, critically examines the concept of autonomy and its position in Dworkin's intellectual framework and seeks to answer the question of what place autonomy and consequently neutrality hold in Dworkin's thought. Ultimately, this article concludes that although the restriction of autonomy in his views, especially regarding equality in resources, is more than he admits, a paternalistic viewpoint stands out in certain aspects of his theory of resource equality.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Ronald Dworkin, State neutrality, Autonomy, Authenticity, Paternalism.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Corresponding Author: Ph.D Student of Political Thought, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">afshinkhakbaz2012@gmail.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Assistant Professor, Political Science Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">abeheshti2002@yahoo.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of International Relations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">mahmoudi3000@gmail.com</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p></Abstract>
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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">یکی از مفاهیم اساسی که اندیشمندانی را که در چارچوب لیبرالیسم سخن می&zwnj;گویند به گروه&zwnj;های مختلف تقسیم می&zwnj;کند، خودفرمانی و حدود و ثغور آن است. از جمله می&zwnj;توان به تقسیم&shy;بندی میان حامیان بی&zwnj;طرفی و کمال&zwnj;گرایی حکومت، یا به عبارت دیگر طرفداران عدم دخالت یا دخالت حکومت در قبال برداشت&zwnj;های مختلف از زندگی نیک اشاره کرد که اندیشمندان لیبرال را از نظر حد و مرزی که برای آن قائلند، در دو اردوگاه متفاوت جای می&zwnj;دهد. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&laquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">دورکین</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">&raquo;</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">، نظریۀ برابری خود را بر دو اصل دغدغه و احترام برابر و مسئولیت ویژه مبتنی ساخته و بی&zwnj;طرفی حکومت و خودفرمانی را از این دو اصل استخراج می&zwnj;کند. او نیز همچون بسیاری از اندیشمندان حامی بی&zwnj;طرفی حکومت، برای خودفرمانی نقش مهمی قائل است؛ ولی به خودفرمانی تمام&zwnj;عیار قائل نیست و برای آن حد و مرزی قائل است. او به تمایز میان خودفرمانی و اصالت قائل است و برای خودفرمانی، دایره&zwnj;ای محدودتر از اصالت در نظر می&zwnj;گیرد. دورکین ضمن مخالفت با اتخاذ سیاست&zwnj;های پدرسالارانه از طرف حکومت، دخالت حکومت در حوزه&zwnj;های مختلف حیات سیاسی و اجتماعی را یکسره نفی نمی&zwnj;کند و چنین دخالت&zwnj;هایی را تاحدی ضروری و اجتناب&zwnj;ناپذیر می&zwnj;داند. مقالۀ حاضر با بهره&zwnj;گیری از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی به بررسی انتقادی مفهوم خودفرمانی و جایگاه آن در منظومۀ فکری دورکین می&zwnj;پردازد و می&zwnj;کوشد به این پرسش پاسخ دهد که خودفرمانی و به تبع آن بی&zwnj;طرفی در اندیشۀ دورکین، چه جایگاهی دارد. در نهایت این مقاله نتیجه می&zwnj;گیرد که هرچند محدودیت خودفرمانی در آرای وی، به&zwnj;ویژه در رابطه با برابری در منابع، بیش از چیزی است که اذعان می&zwnj;کند و نگاه پدرسالارانه در بخش&zwnj;هایی از نظریۀ برابری منابع وی به&zwnj; چشم می&zwnj;خورد. </span></p></OtherAbstract>
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<Param Name="Value">رونالد دورکین، بی‌طرفی حکومت، خودفرمانی، اصالت، پدرسالاری.</Param>
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<ArchiveCopySource DocType="Pdf">http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/44753</ArchiveCopySource>
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<ARTICLE>
<Journal>
<PublisherName>مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوری</PublisherName>
<JournalTitle>پژوهش سیاست نظری</JournalTitle>
<ISSN>2008-5796</ISSN>
<Volume>18</Volume>
<Issue>34</Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
<Year>2024</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
</PubDate>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Psychology and Political Action; Feasibility Study of Establishing A Collective Political Psychology Theory</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>روان‌شناسی و امر سیاسی؛ امکان‌سنجی تأسیس نظریه روان‌شناسی سیاسی جمعی</VernacularTitle>
<FirstPage>97</FirstPage>
<LastPage>130</LastPage>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi"/>
<Language>fa</Language>
<AuthorList>
<Author>
<FirstName> محمدامین</FirstName>
<LastName>اکبری</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم سیاسی گرایش مسائل ایران، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>ایرج</FirstName>
<LastName>رنجبر</LastName>
<Affiliation>استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000000251835054</Identifier>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<History PubStatus="received">
<Year>2023</Year>
<Month>7</Month>
<Day>17</Day>
</History>
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5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;">The main issue of this article is to explore the possibility of <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">establishing a collective political psychology theory by drawing on the views of Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, and Erich Fromm. The authors are concerned about the lack of attention given to the theoretical framework provided by psychologists who assess collective political actions and analyze psychoanalytic aspects of groups, organizations, political movements, and troubled societies. They believe that this aspect of political psychology has been neglected. They also believe that the subject of political psychology has been limited solely to the psychology of individuals and prominent political figures, within the framework of a narrative that is historical and past-oriented. While this theoretical approach has had some relative success in behavioral psychology of politicians and exploring the roots of their public decisions, it cannot provide convincing answers to researchers about the reasons behind the collective behaviors of a society, organization, or political group by divorcing itself from the tools of collective political psychology. Hence, authors have attempted to provide a theoretical framework through a descriptive-analytical method, based on collecting a library of metatheoretical positions. In this framework, by considering the paths and cultural, social, economic, ideological, political, and historical roots common in the collective unconscious of society that constitute their psychological disposition, and replacing the production of individual negativities with neurotic consequences within society, they aim to achieve a novel approach to collective-focused political psychology.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="font-size: 5.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Political psychology, collective unconscious, archetype, social disposition, patriarchy.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p></Abstract>
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data="1"/> <o:rules v:ext="edit"> <o:r id="V:Rule1" type="connector" idref="#AutoShape_x0020_3"/> </o:rules> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; mso-pagination: none; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 25.25pt .0001pt 26.95pt;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">بررسی امکان تأسیس نظریۀ روان&shy;شناسی &shy;سیاسی جمعی با وام&shy;گرفتن از آرای </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">زیگموند فروید</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">، </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">کارل گوستاو یونگ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo; </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">و </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">اریک فروم</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">، مسئله&shy; اصلی این مقاله است. ذهنیت نویسندگان بر این دغدغه استوار بوده که با غفلت نظری نسبت به آن دسته از آرای روان&shy;شناسان که شرایط امکان ارزیابی کنش&shy;های سیاسی جمعی و تحلیل روان&shy;کاوانۀ گروه&shy;&shy;ها، سازمان&shy;ها، جریان&shy;های سیاسی و جوامع بیمار را در اختیار ما قرار می&shy;دهد، موضوع روان&shy;شناسی سیاسی در بعد جمعی خود مغفول مانده و صرفاً در پرتو روایت تاریخ&shy;انگارانه و گذشته&zwnj;گرا به روان&shy;شناسی افراد و شخصیت&shy;های برجستۀ سیاسی محدود شده است. این رویکرد نظری هرچند در رفتارشناسی سیاست&shy;مداران و واکاوی ریشه</span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&lrm;&zwnj;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">های تصمیم&shy;های عمومی آنها توفیق نسبی داشته، با خلع ید خود از ابزار روان&zwnj;شناسی سیاسی جمعی، نمی&shy;تواند به پژوهشگران پاسخی اقناع&shy;کننده درباره چرایی رفتارهای مشترکِ جمعی یک جامعه، سازمان و یا گروه سیاسی بدهد. از این&shy;رو نویسندگان تلاش کرده&shy;اند تا با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، بر مبنای جمع&shy;آوری کتابخانه&zwnj;ای از موضِعی متاتئوریک، طرح&shy;واره&shy;ای نظری را ارائه دهند که در آن با ابتنا از رانه&shy;ها و ریشه&shy;های فرهنگی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، ایدئولوژیک، سیاسی و تاریخی مشترک موجود در ناخودآگاه&shy; جمعی جامعه که خوی &shy;روانی آنان را تشکیل داده و ضمن تولید فردیت منفی عوارض نوروتیک را در جامعه به جای می&shy;گذارد، رهیافتی نو برای روان&zwnj;شناسی&zwnj;سیاسی جمع&shy;محور به دست آورند. </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p></OtherAbstract>
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<ARTICLE>
<Journal>
<PublisherName>مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوری</PublisherName>
<JournalTitle>پژوهش سیاست نظری</JournalTitle>
<ISSN>2008-5796</ISSN>
<Volume>18</Volume>
<Issue>34</Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
<Year>2024</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
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</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>The fourth industrial revolution and its human dangers in quasi-modern authoritarian political systems</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>امکان‌سنجی تعدیل مخاطرات انسانیِ متأثر از انقلاب صنعتی چهارم در ساختارهای سیاسی مبتنی بر اقتدارگرایی شبه‌مدرن</VernacularTitle>
<FirstPage>131</FirstPage>
<LastPage>154</LastPage>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi"/>
<Language>fa</Language>
<AuthorList>
<Author>
<FirstName>سید محمدرضا</FirstName>
<LastName>متقی</LastName>
<Affiliation>دکترای حقوق عمومی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000000325882786</Identifier>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>حسن</FirstName>
<LastName>خسروی</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشیار گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3092-9200</Identifier>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>بیژن</FirstName>
<LastName>عبدالکریمی</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشیار گروه فلسفه، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-5027-2472</Identifier>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>بیژن</FirstName>
<LastName>عباسی</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشیار گروه حقوق عمومی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران </Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<History PubStatus="received">
<Year>2023</Year>
<Month>3</Month>
<Day>31</Day>
</History>
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5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 95%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 95%; color: black;">Feasibility of Adjusting Human Rights Risks Affected by the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Political Structures Based on Pseudo-Modern Authoritarianism</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 95%; mso-pagination: none; margin: 0cm -.05pt .0001pt 25.25pt;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">Seyyed Mohammad Reza Mottaghi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 95%; mso-pagination: none; margin: 0cm -.05pt .0001pt 25.25pt;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt;">Hassan Khosravi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 95%; mso-pagination: none; margin: 0cm -.05pt .0001pt 25.25pt;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%; color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>Bijan Abdolkarimi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 95%;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 95%;">Bijan Abbasi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">****</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 95%;"><a name="_Hlk160321101"></a><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">The Fourth Industrial Revolution represents a transformative wave in the industry with the potential to impact various facets of human existence, promising widespread individual and societal prosperity. However, it also presents a significant risk, particularly for governments not firmly rooted in democratic principles, who may be tempted to assert control over their citizens due to the expanded capabilities afforded by this revolution. Such a scenario, if realized, threatens the emergence of new dictatorships and erodes the individuality of citizens. This article, employing an analytical-descriptive approach, seeks to explore the multifaceted human rights crises precipitated by these conditions. It endeavors to address the question: How can individual freedoms and human and citizenship rights be safeguarded against governmental encroachment in this era? Based on the results of this research, due to the expansion of capabilities arising from the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the potential for government abuse is increasing more than ever, inviting all political structures towards authoritarianism. Consequently, to prevent this situation and safeguard the rights and freedoms of citizens, the current governance models need to be re-evaluated, emphasizing on aspects of enhancing freedoms. These changes should aim to reduce the intrusion of governments into personal spheres as much as possible, moving towards absolute neutrality.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk160321101;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keyword:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> The fourth industrial revolution, authoritarianism, cyber dictatorship, pseudo-modern government and artificial intelligence.</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">* PhD of </span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Public law, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">mohammadreza.mottaghi@iranian.ac.ir </span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">** </span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Public Law, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">h.khosravi@rey.tpnu.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">*** Associate Professor, Departme</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">nt of Philosophy, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">abdolkarimi12@gmail.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">****</span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Associate Professor, Department of Public Law, University of Tehran, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Bizhan_abbasy@yahoo.com</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p></Abstract>
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موجود با روش تحلیلی - توصیفی و با توجه به دستاوردهای انقلاب صنعتی چهارم، فارغ از وجوه آزادی&zwnj;بخش این تحولات، ابتدا قصد آشکارسازی وجوه مختلف بحران&zwnj;های انسانی ذیل وضعیت یادشده را دارد. سپس می&zwnj;خواهد به این پرسش پاسخ دهد که چگونه می&zwnj;توان در این عصر از آزادی&zwnj;های فردی و حق&zwnj;های بشری و شهروندی در مقابل تعدّی&zwnj;های حکومت&zwnj;ها حراست کرد. بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش، به&zwnj; واسطه گسترش امکانات منبعث از انقلاب صنعتی چهارم، امکان سوء&zwnj;استفاده دولت&zwnj;ها، بیش از پیش افزایش می&zwnj;یابد و همه ساختارهای سیاسی را به &zwnj;سمت اقتدارگرایی دعوت می&zwnj;کند. لاجرم برای جلوگیری از این وضعیت و حراست از حق&zwnj;ها و آزادی&zwnj;های شهروندان باید الگوهای حکمرانی فعلی بازنگری شود و با تأکید بر وجوه آزادی&zwnj;افزای این تحولات، دایرۀ نفوذ حکومت&zwnj;ها در حوزۀ شخصی، تا حد ممکن کاهش یابد و به سمت بی&zwnj;طرفی مطلق سوق یابد.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%; mso-pagination: none; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 25.25pt .0001pt 26.95pt;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p></OtherAbstract>
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<ArchiveCopySource DocType="Pdf">http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/41743</ArchiveCopySource>
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<ARTICLE>
<Journal>
<PublisherName>مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوری</PublisherName>
<JournalTitle>پژوهش سیاست نظری</JournalTitle>
<ISSN>2008-5796</ISSN>
<Volume>18</Volume>
<Issue>34</Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
<Year>2024</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
</PubDate>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>The Emergence of a New Concept of Homeland in Iran during the Age of Renewal (19th Century C.E.) (Case Study: The Political Thought of Mirza Malkam Khan Nazem al-Dowleh)</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>برآمدن مفهوم جدید وطن در ایران عصر تجدّد (قرن نوزدهم میلادی) (مطالعه موردی: اندیشه سیاسی میرزا ملکم‌خان ناظم‌الدوله)</VernacularTitle>
<FirstPage>155</FirstPage>
<LastPage>184</LastPage>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi"/>
<Language>fa</Language>
<AuthorList>
<Author>
<FirstName> مهدی</FirstName>
<LastName> روزخوش</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانش‌آموخته دکتری علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران </Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>احمد</FirstName>
<LastName>خالقی دامغانی</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
</Author>
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<History PubStatus="received">
<Year>2023</Year>
<Month>6</Month>
<Day>10</Day>
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5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>and artificial intelligence.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">The Emergence of a New Concept of Homeland in Iran during the Age of Renewal (19th Century C.E.)</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">(Case Study: The Political Thought of Mirza Malkam Khan Nazem al-Dowleh)</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Mehdi Roozkhosh<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><sup>*</sup></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>Ahmad Khaleghi Damghani<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><sup>** </sup></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">This paper aims to investigate the formation of a new concept of homeland in the political thought of one of the most prominent Iranian intellectuals of the nineteenth century, Mirza Malkam Khan Nazem al-Dowleh. The data was collected through documentary and library methods, and analyzed using content analysis approach, which is a recognized qualitative method for text analysis in many humanities studies, including intellectual history studies. However, considering the research topic, the analytical framework of Quentin Skinner was selected for examining the political ideas that explore the views of intellectuals in relation to the "issue" of the historical era. This research indicated that the new concept of homeland in 19th century Iran emerged in response to the "progress" issue. Iranian intellectuals of the 19th century saw the establishment of a modern nation-state as a way for Iran to overcome underdevelopment. Since the concepts of state, nation, and homeland (country) are interconnected in the new political thought, one of the key requirements for establishing a national state was to redefine homeland as a common property of the nation, replacing the traditional narrative that considered the homeland as the property of the king. Due to the lack of supportive legal traditions in Iran, this was particularly significant. The need for laws to establish an independent sovereignty to strengthen the new concept of homeland required legislation, which Mirza Malkam Khan pursued with his proposal for regulatory laws to establish a modern bureaucracy, laying the theoretical foundation for it in Iran. His efforts to establish a "regulated absolute government" represent the first legal interpretation of the new concept of homeland in modern Iran. The concept of "regulations" in Malkam Khan's political thought, more than any other concept, illustrates the endeavor to establish this system. Emphasizing the organization of the bureaucratic system as a necessary condition for advancing the homeland over prioritizing nation-building in the formation of the modern concept of homeland by him signifies his commitment to progress in the state-building process.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Progress, Homeland, State, Nation, Regulations.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">*</span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Corresponding Author: Ph.D in Political Science, Tarbiat Modares University of Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">roozkhosh.mehdi@gmail.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">**</span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Tehran, Iran. </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">drkhaleghi@ut.ac.ir</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p></Abstract>
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data="1"/> <o:rules v:ext="edit"> <o:r id="V:Rule1" type="connector" idref="#AutoShape_x0020_3"/> </o:rules> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%; mso-pagination: none; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 25.25pt .0001pt 26.95pt;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">این مقاله با هدف بررسی چگونگی تکوین مفهوم جدید وطن در اندیشۀ سیاسی یکی از مهم&shy;ترین روشن&shy;فکران ایرانی قرن نوزدهم میلادی، میرزا ملکم&shy;خان ناظم&zwnj;الدوله به رشته تحریر درآمده است. داده&shy;ها با روش اسنادی - کتابخانه&shy;ای گردآوری شده و با روش تحلیل مضمون که از روش&shy;های کیفی شناخته&shy;شده برای تجزیه و تحلیل متون در بسیاری از پژوهش&shy;های علوم انسانی از جمله مطالعات تاریخ اندیشه است، واکاوی شده&zwnj; است. اما با توجه به موضوع پژوهش، دستگاه تحلیلی کوئینتن اسکینر برای بررسی اندیشه&shy;های سیاسی که آرای اندیشمندان را در نسبت با </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">مسئله</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> دوران تاریخی واکاوی می&shy;کند، به عنوان چارچوب مفهومی انجام پژوهش انتخاب شد. این تحقیق نشان داد که مفهوم جدید وطن در ایران قرن نوزدهم در پاسخ به مسئله </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">ترقی</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> ظاهر شده است. اندیشمندان ایرانی قرن نوزدهم، تأسیس دولت- ملت مدرن را راهی برای خروج ایران از توسعه&shy;نیافتگی می&shy;دیدند و چون مفاهیم دولت، ملت و وطن (کشور) در اندیشه سیاسی جدید، مفاهیم به هم پیوسته هستند، یکی از مهم&shy;ترین لوازم تأسیس دولت ملی، آن بود که تلقی از وطن به عنوان ملک مشاع ملت، جایگزین روایت سنتی از آن شود که وطن را دارایی شاه می&shy;دانست. این امر در ایران به دلیل فقدان سنت&shy;های حقوقی پشتیبان، اهمیت دوچندان داشت. تحدید سلطنت مستقل برای تحکیم مفهوم جدید وطن، نیازمند وضع قانون بود که میرزا ملکم&zwnj;خان با طرح قانون تنظیماتی برای تأسیس دیوان&shy;سالاری مدرن، شالودۀ نظری آن در ایران را پی ریخت. تلاش او برای استقرار </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">دولت مطلقه منظم</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">، مبین نخستین خوانش </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">حقوقی</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> از مفهوم جدید وطن در ایران مدرن است. مفهوم </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">تنظیمات</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> در اندیشه سیاسی ملکم&shy;خان، بیش از هر مفهوم دیگری، نمودار تلاش برای بنیادگذاری این سامانه است. تأکید بر تنظیمات دستگاه دیوانی به&shy;مثابه شرط لازم برای ترقی وطن از پیشی&shy; گرفتن دولت&shy;سازی بر ملت&zwnj;سازی در تکوین مفهوم نوآیین وطن توسط وی حکایت دارد. </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p></OtherAbstract>
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<Param Name="Value">ترقی، وطن، دولت، ملت، تنظیمات</Param>
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<ArchiveCopySource DocType="Pdf">http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/42699</ArchiveCopySource>
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<ARTICLE>
<Journal>
<PublisherName>مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوری</PublisherName>
<JournalTitle>پژوهش سیاست نظری</JournalTitle>
<ISSN>2008-5796</ISSN>
<Volume>18</Volume>
<Issue>34</Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
<Year>2024</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
</PubDate>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>The Mashrooteh Constitution and its Supplement: The Manifestation of “Citizenship” and “Republicanism”</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>قانون اساسی مشروطه و متمم آن: فرونهادگیِ «شهروندی» و «جمهوریت»</VernacularTitle>
<FirstPage>185</FirstPage>
<LastPage>211</LastPage>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi"/>
<Language>fa</Language>
<AuthorList>
<Author>
<FirstName>عطاءالله</FirstName>
<LastName>کریم زاده</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشجوی دکتری اندیشه‌های سیاسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، ایران </Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>عباس </FirstName>
<LastName>منوچهری</LastName>
<Affiliation>استاد علوم سياسي دانشگاه تربيت مدرس، ایران </Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>سهراب</FirstName>
<LastName>یزدانی</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشیار بازنشسته گروه تاریخ، دانشگاه خوارزمی، ایران </Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<History PubStatus="received">
<Year>2023</Year>
<Month>8</Month>
<Day>29</Day>
</History>
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5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">The Mashrooteh Constitution </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">and its Supplement: The Manifestation of &ldquo;Citizenship&rdquo; and &ldquo;Republicanism&rdquo;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: -17.0pt; mso-pagination: none;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Attaullah Karimzadeh<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Abbas Manouchehri<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Sohrab Yazdani<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">The Constitutional (Mashrooteh) Period is considered the most important period in modern Iranian history concerning modernity. During this period, the Western world was not solely viewed in terms of its material and technological advancements but was also noted for its modern ideas and thoughts in various intellectual, political, and social forms. Although the concepts of "citizenship" and "republicanism" were not explicitly utilized in the text of the constitutional and its supplementary laws, this does not signify a lack of understanding of them among constitutionalists. Despite the historical traditions of "shari'a" and "monarchy" in Iran grappling with new concepts and defending their own existence, efforts were made within the constitutional and supplementary laws to preserve their influence and power by legalizing and institutionalizing them. Consequently, what transpired was the encounter of the ideas of "citizenship" and "republicanism," which meant emancipation from subjects' status and empowerment, leading to tension between the two main intellectual currents, resulting in resistance and diminishing reception. These concepts not only failed to institutionalize in the administrative realm but also did not develop substantially on a theoretical level.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Citizenship, Republic, Mashroteh, Constitution, Supplement.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" clear="all" /> </span></p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">*</span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Corresponding Author: Ph.D. Student of Political Thoughts, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">atakarimzadeh@yahoo.com </span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Professor of Political Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran. </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Amanoocheri@yahoo.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Retired Associate Professor, Department of History, Kharazmi University, Iran. </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">yazdanis1948@gmail.com</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p></Abstract>
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مدرنیته محسوب می&zwnj;شود. در فضای مشروطه، دنیای غرب تنها در تحولات مادی و فناورانۀ آن نگریسته نمی&zwnj;شد، بلکه به ایده&zwnj;ها و اندیشه&zwnj;های مدرن در اشکال گوناگون فکری، سیاسی و اجتماعی آن توجه می&zwnj;شد. در این ارتباط، هرچند در متن قانون اساسی مشروطه و متمم آن از دو مفهوم </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">شهروندی</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> و </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">جمهوریت</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> استفاده نشده است، این به معنای فقدان فهمی از آنها نزد مشروطه&zwnj;خواهان نبود. با وجود این دو سنت تاریخیِ ایران یعنی </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">شرع</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> و </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">سلطنت</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> در جدال با مفاهیم جدید و دفاع از موجودیت خود بودند و در متن قانون اساسی مشروطه و متمم آن تلاش کردند که نفوذ و قدرت خود را با حقوقی کردن و به رسمیت بخشیدن قانونی آن حفظ کنند. به همین خاطر، آنچه به وقوع پیوست، این بود که ایده&zwnj;های </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">شهروندی</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> و </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">جمهوریت</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> که به معنی فرارَوی از رعیت&zwnj;بودگیِ مردم و قدرت یافتن آنها بود، در نتیجه تنش بین دو جریان فکری اصلی با ممانعت و تقلیل&zwnj;یافتگی مواجه شد و نه&zwnj;تنها در ساحت انضمامي نهادينه نشد، بلكه در ساحت نظري نيز رشد نيافت.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p></OtherAbstract>
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<Param Name="Value">شهروندی، جمهوریت، مشروطه، قانون اساسی و متمم</Param>
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<ArchiveCopySource DocType="Pdf">http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/43788</ArchiveCopySource>
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<ARTICLE>
<Journal>
<PublisherName>مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوری</PublisherName>
<JournalTitle>پژوهش سیاست نظری</JournalTitle>
<ISSN>2008-5796</ISSN>
<Volume>18</Volume>
<Issue>34</Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
<Year>2024</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
</PubDate>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Constitutional Law: Reinterpretation of the Islamic Government within the Framework of Religious Content in the Jurisprudential Thoughts of Ayatollah Montazeri and Ayatollah Beheshti</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>قانون اساسی: محتوای دینی در قالب عرفی بازخوانی حکومت اسلامی در اندیشه آیت‌الله منتظری و آیت‌الله بهشتی</VernacularTitle>
<FirstPage>213</FirstPage>
<LastPage>242</LastPage>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi"/>
<Language>fa</Language>
<AuthorList>
<Author>
<FirstName>مهدی </FirstName>
<LastName>نجف‌زاده</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-5304-6908</Identifier>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>وحید </FirstName>
<LastName>سینائی</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشیار علوم سیاسی دانشگاه فردوسي مشهد</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000000339852449</Identifier>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName> احمد</FirstName>
<LastName> رحیمی</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشجوی دکتری علوم سیاسی گرایش مسائل ایران، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
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<History PubStatus="received">
<Year>2023</Year>
<Month>5</Month>
<Day>7</Day>
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5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 92%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 92%; color: black;">Constitutional Law: Reinterpretation</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 92%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 92%; color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>of the Islamic Government within the Framework </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 92%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 92%; color: black;">of Religious Content in the Jurisprudential Thoughts </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 92%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 92%; color: black;">of Ayatollah Montazeri and Ayatollah Beheshti</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 92%;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 92%;">Mahdi Najafzadeh<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 92%;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 92%;">Vahid Sinaee<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 92%;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 92%;">Ahmad Rahimi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 92%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran institutionalized the principle of Guardianship of the Jurist (Velayat-e Faqih) in the country and extended its influence over all aspects of the lives of the Iranian people. Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri and Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini Beheshti played an irreplaceable role in formulating the Constitution due to their positions in the parliament. Each of these two eminent figures had significant differences in their understanding of the Constitution and its concepts. This article, from the perspective of Skinner's hermeneutic method, delves into analyzing the prominent roles of these two figures in the Islamic Revolution in the drafting of the Constitution. What were their intentions and practical actions within the political system established by the Constitution? During a time when Islam was severely threatened by Western thought, they aimed to establish an Islamic political system. Montazeri believed that the principles and rules of fiqh concerning the concept of Guardianship of the Jurist were sufficient for governing Islamic society, while Beheshti viewed Islamic principles and standards around the axis of Guardianship of the Jurist as a framework that could selectively incorporate modern democratic, Marxist, and human rights concepts to be responsive to the current Iranian Islamic society. In the final analysis, Beheshti's theory prevailed in drafting the Constitution, bringing about an Islamic government through a constructed customary process.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 92%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Constitution, Velayat-e Faqih, Ayatollah Montazeri, Ayatollah Beheshti and Skinner.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic'; mso-no-proof: yes;">*</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';"> Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Political Science Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">m.najafzadeh@um.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic'; mso-no-proof: yes;">**</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';"> Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">sinaee@um.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic'; mso-no-proof: yes;">***</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';"> Ph.D. Student of political science majoring in Iranian issues, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 95%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>ahmadrahimi222@gmail.com</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p></Abstract>
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شخصیت برجسته انقلاب اسلامی در قانون اساسی پرداخته&shy;ایم. اینکه این دو از نظام سیاسی مستقر در قانون اساسی چه هدفی داشتند و عملاً چه&zwnj; کاری انجام دادند؟ آنها در دورانی که اسلام به&zwnj;شدت از سوی اندیشه غربی، تهدید به نابودی می&zwnj;شد، می</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">&shy;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">خواستند نظام سیاسی اسلامی ایجاد کنند. منتظری، مفاهیم و احکام فقه حول اندیشه ولایت&zwnj;فقیه را برای اداره جامعه اسلامی کافی می&shy;دانست؛ بهشتی اما احکام و موازین اسلامی را در حول محور ولایت&zwnj;فقیه به &zwnj;عنوان چارچوبی می&shy;نگریست که درون آن به&zwnj; گونه&zwnj;ای گزینشی، مفاهیم مدرن دموکراتیک، مارکسیستی و حقوق بشری را بتوان استفاده کرد تا پاسخگوی جامعه کنونی ایران اسلامی باشد. در تحلیل نهایی در تدوین قانون اساسی، نظریه بهشتی دست بالا گرفت و حکومت اسلامی با ساختی عرفی را پدیدار کرد. </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: 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<Journal>
<PublisherName>مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوری</PublisherName>
<JournalTitle>پژوهش سیاست نظری</JournalTitle>
<ISSN>2008-5796</ISSN>
<Volume>18</Volume>
<Issue>34</Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
<Year>2024</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
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</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Ayatollah Naeini and the Establishment of a Revolutionary Democratic System</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>آیت‌الله نائینی و بنیادگذاری نظام دموکراتیک انقلابی</VernacularTitle>
<FirstPage>243</FirstPage>
<LastPage>267</LastPage>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi"/>
<Language>fa</Language>
<AuthorList>
<Author>
<FirstName> حمید</FirstName>
<LastName> جعفری</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشجوی دکتری علوم سیاسی، پژوهشکده امام خمینی و انقلاب اسلامی</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
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<Author>
<FirstName>سيد محسن</FirstName>
<LastName>علوي‌پور</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشیار گروه مطالعات کاربردی سیاست، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000000179960538</Identifier>
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<History PubStatus="received">
<Year>2024</Year>
<Month>1</Month>
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5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Ayatollah Naeini and the Establishment </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">of a Revolutionary Democratic System</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Hamid Jafari<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Seyyed Mohsen Alavipour<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.4pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Naeini was able to present a proposal for a democratic system entitled "Constitutional Government" through theoretical elaboration on concepts such as the constitution, the national assembly, councils, the necessity of consulting with the people's representatives, giving meaning and political weight to the principles of enjoining good and forbidding evil, emphasizing participatory democracy, the role of councils in overseeing laws, and ultimately introducing a new theory in Shia political jurisprudence. The theory prioritizes a form of "compromise" and, through this, provides the necessary intellectual groundwork for separating political affairs from religious matters. An examination of this theory within the framework of pioneering theoretical perspectives on political developments worldwide demonstrates the extent to which he was familiar with the foundations of a democratic system in the contemporary world. By incorporating religious and cultural teachings, he was able to design such a system based on the modern needs of Iranian society. This research aims to elaborate on the novel articulation of the principles outlined by contemporary political philosopher Hannah Arendt for a republic and a successful revolution, within Naeini's governance theory. Within this framework, it becomes evident that the founding principle emphasizes positive freedom and the participation of citizens who are equal under the law. The two fundamental principles of "liberty" and "equality" are well articulated within Naeini's legitimate government theory. Therefore, this theory can be considered as pioneering in modernizing the political structure of the country based on fundamental democratic principles. The research methodology employed is descriptive-analytical and relies on library research.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Naeini, Arendt, positive freedom, participation, and foundation.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Ph.D. Student </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">of political Science, Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution Research Institute, Iran</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">h.jafari848586@gmail.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Applied Policy Studies, Research Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Iran</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">m.alavipour@gmail.com</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p></Abstract>
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type="connector" idref="#AutoShape_x0020_3"/> </o:rules> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; mso-pagination: none; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 25.25pt .0001pt 26.95pt;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">نائینی توانست طرح یک نظام دموکراتیک با عنوان </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">دولت مشروطه</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> را با نظریه&zwnj;پردازی مفاهیمی مانند قانون اساسی،</span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">مجلس ملی، شورا و لزوم مشورت با نمایندگان مردم، معنا و بارسیاسی دادن به دو اصل امربه معروف و نهی از منکر، تأکید بر دموکراسی انجمنی و نقش آنها در نظارت بر قوانین و در نهایت ابداع نظریۀ جدید در فقه سیاسی شیعه ارائه کند که اولویت آن </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">مصالحه نوعیه</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> باشد و به&zwnj;واسطه آن، زمینه&zwnj;های فکری لازم را برای جدایی امر سیاسی از امر دینی فراهم آورد. بررسی این نظریه با ابتنا بر چارچوب&zwnj;های نظری پیشگام در تحولات سیاسی در دنیا نشان می&zwnj;دهد که او تا چه اندازه با بنیادهای یک نظام دموکراتیک در دنیای معاصر آشنا بوده است و توانسته بود با بهره&zwnj;گیری ازآموزه&zwnj;های دینی و مذهبی، طراحی چنین نظامی را مبتنی بر نیازهای روزآمد جامعه ایرانی صورت دهد. پژوهش حاضر بر آن است که با واکاوی اصولی که فیلسوف سیاسی معاصر، </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">هانا آرنت</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> برای یک دولت جمهوری و یک انقلاب موفق ارائه داده است، در نظریه حکومتی نائینی، مفصل&zwnj;بندی نوینی از چارچوب&zwnj;های این نظریه به دست دهد. در این چارچوب مشخص می&zwnj;شود که اصل بنیان&shy;گذاری و آغازگری، تأکید بر آزادی مثبت و مشارکت شهروندانی که از لحاظ حقوقی برابر هستند، در نظریه دولت مشروع نائینی در بطن دو اصل اساسی </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">حریت</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> و </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">مساوات</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&raquo;</span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">به&zwnj;خوبی مفصل&zwnj;بندی شده است و بر این اساس این نظریه را می&zwnj;توان نظریه&zwnj;ای پیشگام در روزآمدسازی سامان سیاسی کشور بر اساس اصول بنیادین دموکراسی در نظر آورد. روش این پژوهش، توصیفی- تحلیلی و براساس مطالعه کتابخانه &shy;ای است.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; mso-pagination: none; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 25.25pt .0001pt 26.95pt;"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p></OtherAbstract>
<ObjectList>
<Object Type="Keyword">
<Param Name="Value">نائینی، آرنت، آزادی مثبت، مشارکت و بنیان‌گذاری</Param>
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<ArchiveCopySource DocType="Pdf">http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/45400</ArchiveCopySource>
</ARTICLE>
<ARTICLE>
<Journal>
<PublisherName>مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوری</PublisherName>
<JournalTitle>پژوهش سیاست نظری</JournalTitle>
<ISSN>2008-5796</ISSN>
<Volume>18</Volume>
<Issue>34</Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
<Year>2024</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
</PubDate>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>A Hermeneutical Contemplation on the Concept of "Discourse Action" by Mehdi Bazargan, with a Focus on the Concept of Secularism</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>تأملی هرمنوتیکی در باب «کنش گفتاری» مهدی بازرگان، با تمرکز بر مفهوم سکولاریسم</VernacularTitle>
<FirstPage>269</FirstPage>
<LastPage>298</LastPage>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi"/>
<Language>fa</Language>
<AuthorList>
<Author>
<FirstName> جواد</FirstName>
<LastName> مویزچی</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشجوی دکتری علوم سیاسی، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>سیدخدایار</FirstName>
<LastName>مرتضوی</LastName>
<Affiliation>استادیار، گروه علوم سیاسی و روابط بین¬الملل، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران </Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000000205144412</Identifier>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>سید مصطفی </FirstName>
<LastName>تقوی </LastName>
<Affiliation>استادیار، گروه انقلاب اسلامی، پژوهشکده تاریخ معاصر، تهران</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<History PubStatus="received">
<Year>2022</Year>
<Month>6</Month>
<Day>10</Day>
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5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">A Hermeneutical Contemplation on the Concept </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">of "Discourse Action" by Mehdi Bazargan,</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">with a Focus on the Concept of Secularism</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Javad Mavizchi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Seyyed Khodayar Mortazavi Asl <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">**</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Seyyed Mostafa Tagavi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">***</span></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">"Mehdi Bazargan," as one of the most prominent figures of the enlightened religious intellectual movement in Iran, while expressing devotion to religion, made significant efforts in the realms of thought and political action. Nevertheless, one of the questions about him concerns his relationship with "secular thought," as numerous statements suggesting his non-secular interpretation are juxtaposed with ample evidence placing him within the realm of secular scholarship. This article aims to utilize a hermeneutic interpretive approach, particularly drawing on the narrative of "Quentin Skinner," to answer the question of whether Bazargan was secular or not. Based on this, the primary question of this research, focusing on Skinner's specific interpretive model that emphasizes understanding the "author's intention" and the necessity of "understanding the intended speech act" within a linguistic framework, is examined to evaluate the proposition. In the course of this research, while uncovering the subtleties and difficulties of interpreting the ideas of enlightened thinkers like Bazargan, the potential of Skinner's five-stage model emerges for understanding the analytical process, leading to the conclusion that Bazargan's views and actions, especially in his later years, exhibit a high potential and clear implications for a secular interpretation.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Bazargan, speech act, hermeneutics, secularism, and Skinner.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic'; mso-no-proof: yes;">*</span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Ph.D. Student of Political Science, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">jama2018ps@gmail.com</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic'; mso-no-proof: yes;">**</span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Kh_mortazavi@azad.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">***</span></sup></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Revolution, Institute of Contemporary History, Tehran, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Smtm38@gmail.com</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p></Abstract>
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Nazanin'; color: black;">اندیشه سکولاریسم</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> است؛ چنان&shy;که در کنار انبوه گزاره&shy;ها مبنی بر غیر سکولار خواندنش، قرائن زیادی نیز او را در زمرۀ اندیشمندی سکولار جای می&shy;دهد. در این مقاله سعی می&shy;شود تا با بهره&shy;گیری از روش تفسیری (هرمنوتیک) و به &shy;طور خاص روایت </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">کوئنتین اسکینر</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">، برای سؤال سکولار بودن یا نبودن بازرگان، پاسخ یافته&shy; شود. بر این اساس پرسش اصلی این پژوهش با تمرکز بر مدلِ خاص تفسیری اسکینر که بر فهمِ </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">قصدِ مؤلف</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> و ضرورت </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">فهمِ کنشِ&shy;گفتاری قصدشده</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> در چارچوب زبانی، مجادلات فکری و منازعات سیاسی زمانه تأکید دارد، به بوته ارزیابی گزارده می&shy;شود. در روند این پژوهش، ضمن آشکار شدن ظرافت&shy;ها و دشواری&shy;های خوانش آرای روشن&shy;فکری چون بازرگان، ظرفیت الگوی پنج&zwnj;مرحله&zwnj;ای اسکینر برای فهم فرایند تحلیل نمایان می&shy;شود و این نتیجه حاصل می&zwnj;گردد که آرا و کنش&shy;های بازرگان به&shy;ویژه در سال&shy;های پایانی عمر وی، ظرفیت بالا و دلالت&shy;های آشکاری برای خوانش سکولار دارد. </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p></OtherAbstract>
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<Param Name="Value">بازرگان، کنش گفتاری، هرمنوتیک، سکولاریسم و اسکینر</Param>
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<ArchiveCopySource DocType="Pdf">http://political.ihss.ac.ir/fa/Article/Download/38032</ArchiveCopySource>
</ARTICLE>
<ARTICLE>
<Journal>
<PublisherName>مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوری</PublisherName>
<JournalTitle>پژوهش سیاست نظری</JournalTitle>
<ISSN>2008-5796</ISSN>
<Volume>18</Volume>
<Issue>34</Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
<Year>2024</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
</PubDate>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>The challenges of the discourse of the Islamic revolution in the face of the generation of the eighties; A case study, the fields of economic entrepreneurship, intellectualism and political governance</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>چالش‌های گفتمان انقلاب اسلامی ایران در مواجهه با نسل دهۀ هشتاد (مطالعۀ موردی: حوزه‌های کارآفرینیِ اقتصادی، روشن‌فکری و حکمرانی سیاسی)</VernacularTitle>
<FirstPage>299</FirstPage>
<LastPage>327</LastPage>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi"/>
<Language>fa</Language>
<AuthorList>
<Author>
<FirstName>میثم </FirstName>
<LastName>قهرمان </LastName>
<Affiliation>استادیار پژوهشی گروه مطالعات تاریخی انقلاب اسلامی (مرکز اسناد انقلاب اسلامی)، ایران </Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000000240652228</Identifier>
</Author>
<Author>
<FirstName>هادی</FirstName>
<LastName>کشاورز</LastName>
<Affiliation>دانش‌آموخته دکتری جامعه‌شناسی سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، ایران </Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">Ph.D in Political Sociology, University of Tehran, Iran. </Identifier>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<History PubStatus="received">
<Year>2022</Year>
<Month>11</Month>
<Day>1</Day>
</History>
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5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">The Challenges of the Discourse of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in Relation to the Generation of the 1980s: A Case Study of Economic Entrepreneurship, Intellectualism, and Political Governance</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Meisam Ghahraman<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><sup>* </sup></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Hadi Keshavarz<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><sup>**</sup></a></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">Religious governments such as the Islamic Republic of Iran require, on one hand, profound meanings derived from specific Islamic epistemological arguments for their effective reproduction, while on the other hand, they need legal subjects who are persuaded by these epistemic meanings. However, in today's acute reality, with the emergence of generations possessing fluid and virtual identities, deep epistemological meanings across various domains face serious challenges, gradually diminishing their role in human life. Accordingly, this article aims to investigate the changes occurring in three areas&mdash;economic entrepreneurship, intellectualism, and political governance&mdash;by focusing on the characteristics of the generation of the 1980s, which rarely occupy legal and epistemic positions due to their fluidity and virtuality. Following this analysis, we will address the transformations that the discourse of the Islamic Revolution must undergo in these emerging conditions. Overall, the findings indicate that the fading of deep epistemological meanings among the generation of the 1980s not only marginalizes the general epistemological discussions of intellectuals but also creates space for the emergence of specific intellectuals. In the economic domain, this shift results in the formation of a startup economy and the emergence</span> of a new and high-risk type of entrepreneurship known as chain entrepreneurship. Consequently, in the realm of political governance, the need for low-cost and efficient governance over the subjects of the 1980s necessitates a departure from general and epistemological rules, transforming Islamic governance into Islamic governance management.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 97%; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; line-height: 97%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords: </span></strong><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">eneration of the 1980s, Epistemological Approach (Transcendental Method), Non-Epistemological Approach (Inherently Methodological), Specific Intellectual, Islamic Republic of Iran.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right; line-height: 97%;" align="right"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background: white;"><span style="color: #565656;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" clear="all" /> </span></strong></p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background: white;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">* Corresponding Author: Research Assistant Professor of Islamic Revolution Historical Studies Department (Islamic Revolution Documentation Center), Iran</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background: white;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Meisam.ghahreman@gmail.com </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background: white;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">** PhD in Political Sociology, University of Tehran, Iran.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background: white;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">h_keshavarz@ut.ac.ir</span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background: white;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">** Ph.D in Political Sociology, University of Tehran, Iran. </span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background: white;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><a href="mailto:h_keshavarz@ut.ac.ir"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">h_keshavarz@ut.ac.ir</span></a> </span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p></Abstract>
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می&zwnj;کوشیم تا با مبنا قرار دادن ویژگی&zwnj;های نسل دهۀ هشتاد (که با سیّالیت و مجازیت خود به&zwnj;ندرت جایگاهی حقوقی و معرفتی را اشغال می&zwnj;کنند)، ابتدا تغییرات شکل&zwnj;گرفته در سه حوزۀ کارآفرینی، روشن&shy;فکری و حکمرانی سیاسی را بررسی کنیم و سپس به تحولاتی که گفتمان انقلاب اسلامی در این شرایط نوظهور باید به خود گیرد، بپردازیم. به &zwnj;طور</span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">کلی یافته&zwnj;های تحقیق بیانگر آن است که کم&zwnj;رنگ&zwnj;شدن معانی عمیق معرفتی نزد نسل دهۀ هشتاد، ضمن &shy;آنکه مباحث معرفت&zwnj;شناختیِ روشن&zwnj;فکران عام را به حاشیه می&zwnj;برد و فضا را برای ظهور روشن&shy;فکران خاص فراهم می&zwnj;کند، در حوزۀ اقتصادی موجب شکل&zwnj;گیری اقتصاد استارت&zwnj;آپی و ظهور نوع جدیدی از کارآفرینیِ پُرخطر به نام کارآفرینیِ زنجیره&zwnj;ای می&zwnj;شود. به&shy;تبع این تحولات، در حوزۀ </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&laquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">حکمرانی سیاسی</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Zar'; color: black;">&raquo;</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> نیز حکومت &zwnj;کردنِ کم&zwnj;هزینه و کارآمد بر سوژه&zwnj;های دهۀ هشتادی مستلزم عبور از قاعده&zwnj;&zwnj;های کلی و معرفت&zwnj;شناختی و تبدیل حکومت اسلامی به حکومت&shy;مندی اسلامی است. </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p></OtherAbstract>
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<Param Name="Value">نسل دهۀ هشتاد، رویکرد معرفت‌شناسانه (روش استعلایی)، رویکرد غیر معرفت‌شناسانه (روش درون‌ماندگار)، روشن‌فکر خاص، جمهوری اسلامی ایران.</Param>
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<Journal>
<PublisherName>مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوری</PublisherName>
<JournalTitle>پژوهش سیاست نظری</JournalTitle>
<ISSN>2008-5796</ISSN>
<Volume>18</Volume>
<Issue>34</Issue>
<PubDate PubStatus="epublish">
<Year>2024</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
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</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Analytical Pattern of Behavior from Social-Political Action</ArticleTitle>
<VernacularTitle>الگوی تحلیلی رفتار از کنش اجتماعی- سیاسی</VernacularTitle>
<FirstPage>329</FirstPage>
<LastPage>356</LastPage>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi"/>
<Language>fa</Language>
<AuthorList>
<Author>
<FirstName> رحیم </FirstName>
<LastName> ابوالحسنی </LastName>
<Affiliation>دانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران</Affiliation>
<Identifier Source="ORCID"/>
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<History PubStatus="received">
<Year>2023</Year>
<Month>11</Month>
<Day>21</Day>
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Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">Analytical Pattern of Behavior </span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 97%;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 97%; color: black;">from Social-Political Action</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span class="rynqvb"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">&nbsp;</span></strong></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: right;" align="right"><span class="rynqvb"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Seyyed Rahim Abolhasani</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">*</span></span></a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span class="rynqvb"><strong><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">&nbsp;</span></strong></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">To understand the reasons for people's participation in social and political arenas, various analytical patterns can be utilized. The purpose of this article is to present a suitable analytical model for comprehending and delineating the causes and contexts of the social-political behaviors and actions of individuals for future research. This research attempts to answer the question of how political participation can be analyzed using a model. By employing an analytical-descriptive method and drawing on a theory based on social-political behavior, it is possible to provide an analytical model for political participation. Thus, we aim to integrate the micro and macro levels of analysis and compare the main explanatory variables of behavior in interaction with each other. The influential variables on individuals' social action motivations are categorized into internal (values, beliefs, and emotions) and external (goal-oriented) factors.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; text-indent: 14.2pt; line-height: 97%;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="color: black;">Keywords:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> Analytical pattern, behavior or action, inclinations and tendencies, attitudes and perceptions, stimuli and environmental and structural factors.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">*</span></span></a><span class="rynqvb"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Tehran, Iran</span></span><span class="rynqvb"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="rynqvb"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">abhasani@ut.ac.ir</span></span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p></Abstract>
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تحلیلی مختلفی می&shy;توان بهره جست. هدف این مقاله، ارائه الگوی تحلیلی مناسب برای فهم و تبیین علل و زمینه&zwnj;های رفتار و کنش اجتماعی- سیاسی افراد برای پژوهش&zwnj;های آتی است. در این پژوهش سعی شده است تا به این پرسش پاسخ دهد که چگونه می&zwnj;توان با یک الگو به تحلیل مشارکت سیاسی پرداخت و با روشی تحلیلی- توصیفی با بهره&shy;گیری از نظریۀ تلفیقی مبتنی بر رفتار اجتماعی- سیاسی، امکان مدلی تحلیلی را برای مشارکت سیاسی فراهم کند. در این راستا بر آن بوده&zwnj;ایم تا ضمن ادغام دو سطح تحلیل خرد و کلان، متغیرهای اصلی توضیح&shy;دهنده رفتار را در تعامل با یکدیگر مورد مدّاقه قرار دهیم. متغیرهای مؤثر بر انگیزه&zwnj;های کنش اجتماعی افراد به دو دستۀ درونی فرد (ارزشی، اعتقادی و احساسی) و بیرون از فرد (عقلانیت معطوف به هدف) تقسیم می&zwnj;شود. </span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; mso-pagination: none; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 25.25pt .0001pt 26.95pt;"><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 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